The order of the Kash alphabet is followed, but for initial sounds only; within each letter-listing, English order-- it has proven to be beyond my ability to alphabetize everything à la Kash. (Use your browser's "find" feature for English-Kash.)
H K Ç C Ñ Y S T N R L F P M V A I E U O
New words are constantly being discovered; look also in the Supplement. In April 2003, Nov. 2004, and April 2005 I incorporated all items in the Supplement into this document, and began a new Supplement.
-ha suffix of the familiar imperative (sing.; plural -hi;
neither is much used in current speech)
ha the number four; when final in compds/derivs., it bears the stress,
as kuhá, folahá, açukrá, çuprohá
hacangar a rocky beach (<hacu+cangar)
hacikro a pebbly beach (<hacu+ikro)
hacip a little bite of food; a nibble of...; hacici (colloq.)
"a little bite, a light snack; just a bit"; hakacip ~hacikacip to nibble
at one's food, to not eat much; cakacip fastidious/picky about one's food
(fig., about other matters); vele...hacip to bribe or pay off s.o. (usu.
refers to a small amount, e.g. to a building inspector, traffic officer); see
also kiciki
hacu beach, spec. a sandy beach
hafa lightweight wall- or ceiling-panels (usu.interior), woven of
fronds, or thinly split wood (usu. in traditional rural houses); see also
haprak
hakas common var. of ehakas very strange, weird, outlandish
(ult. <ehas)
hakuk (vt) to place, set down
hakuli the brain
halap pure; unblemished, unsullied; virgin (lit. and fig.); akalap
~ halapni purity; virginity; epikalap (math.) prime number
halo sarong; palo ... in the right order, correctly done;
... palo backwards, topsy-turvy
hamatip personality, character (of a person) (<
hañu+vatip)
hambar crosswise, lying across; akambar a grid, lattice;
hambakrambar~cakambar in a disorderly heap or pile (usu. of straight or
rigid things like logs, lumber, tools, books)
hambiya a piece of s.t., lump; (gram.) particle (i.e. words that are
neither nouns, verbs nor numbers); hambimici (colloq. hambici
flake(s); hambriyak a large chunk or block of s.t.; hambikasi, hambilús, hambiyonde (gram.) resp.., prefix, suffix, infix
hambok right (hand, side)(ult. <kambo)
hambos (vt) combine; mix, blend; (math.) to add; hambo-kambos
to add up, total up (e.g. a bill, or series of numbers); (math.
slang) hap plus (addition), as, ro hap nim ya(le) sor two plus
five is seven
handa (marit.) to load cargo; ...-makanda to load and unload
cargo; akanda the capacity of a container or vessel; also, a load, cargo,
freight, though colloq. kanda has mostly replaced that form; kehanda a stevedore,
dock-worker; cakanda overloaded, too heavy (of a vessel or vehicle); yukranda
(colloq. kranda dock, pier; rata krandan to dock
handato (hum.subj.) intoxicated, from any substance (but usu. not alcohol), "high";
(inanim.subj. [drug/plant/liquor]) intoxicating; capable of making one "high"
çukandato to become so; cakandato id. but unpleasantly so,
"stoned"; a "bad trip"; rukandato to make s.o. ...; akandato
intoxication, state of being "high, stoned"; (<hañu+lato; see also
pepu(k) which refers spec. to alcoholic intoxication)
handi (vt) to sweep; ehandi broom, see also hanji
handrep (n, vi) retreat, to retreat, withdraw; cakandrep (vi)
id., but disorderly, to be routed. Usu. refers to military situations; or more
generally, to retreat/get away/run away from any unpleasant situation. (Cf.
trep, harep)
handringas (mil.) patrol; of police, rounds, beat; mepu... to
go on patrol, make one's rounds (< haran+tingas)
hanekam leafy vegetables, edible greens; often for vegetables in genl.
(ult. < andahan+ekam)
hanga (vt) to pay, pay for; akanga payment; hangani a
bill for payment, an invoice; hanga toye to pay cash, hanga
tovacan pay on credit, to charge; hanga kunjo pay in part, in
installments
hange wood, wooden-- a colloq. form that, along with ñange, has
replaced hañange in all but the most formal contexts
haniyu (usu. hañu in compds. and colloq.) the soul, spirit;
consciousness, mind; conscience; hañuwavan sad at heart, grieving;
hañuraka big- or good-hearted, generous; hañucami of good
disposition, pleasant, nice, simpatico; hañuvendel of noble character/
bearing etc (but not of status); hañuminda having a jolly or good-humored
disposition; hañumimik ~hañumbik mean-spirited; thoughtless,
inconsiderate; hañuçangi sick at heart, disappointed; hañukengut
faithless; untrustworthy; hañurecek undependable, irresponsible;
hañumbu bored, listless; hañuçeyak ~hañumbara mean, nasty,
ill-tempered; hañukrét bitter, resentful; hañukrenja envious,
jealous; hañukorok corrupt, immoral; hañufatap hard-hearted,
cruelly indifferent; hañuvirap determined; hañuvowas kind-hearted,
compassionate; hañuwembek narrow-minded; hañopor delirious;
hañusasar (psych., med.) psychotic, completely out of touch with
reality-- usu. implies an incurable condition; akañusasar psychosis (NB
these compds take their subject in the dative, as karune hañuraka the
karun is generous, ine hañuçangi he/she is disappointed);
trahaniyu mindless, soulless, incoherent; can refer to Chaos, time before
Creation
hanji (colloq.) a broom, see also ehandi
hanjik a bite (of food), a mouthful; as vb., to bite into; hakanjik
~kanjikanjik to eat ravenously, to "wolf down" one's food; cakanjik
gluttonous; also said of one who will eat anything (fig., gullible)
hanjomim the largest continent of Cindu (< Gwr hang tsong
(du) 'birth hearth (land)' + Kash -mim 'our')
hañange wood, wooden (hañu+ange soul of the tree)-- this form
is considered archaic and formal, mostly replaced by colloq. ñange or
hange
hañon sheath, scabbard of a sword or knife
hañorap shadow (< hañu+oramba)
hañukonga crazy, insane (colloq. hañukók, koko); NB subj. usu.
in nom./person pfx. (unlike other compds. with hañu)-- iye hañukonga
(~hañukók) ~yahañukonga she is insane; see also kok
hañuçit (vi) to speak telepathically (compd.
hañu+çindi)
hañuços to receive/"hear"telepathically (compd. hañu
+irreg.contr. sosir)
hañuyap to yell/scream telepathically: may be used to give an alarm, or perhaps reply to trikañu, but otherwise rude, as if one assumes the recipient cannot "hear" a normal tone of "voice"
hapit a short sarong or skirt-like garment (to about mid-thigh), usu.
worn for work; often used as syn. of ceromik
haprak panels of woven split wood, for rough exterior walls/fences
(heavier duty than hafa)
hapralandra the name of a constellation-- Cindu's "North Star" is the eye of the animal (<haprali+andra).
haprali the largest of the Cousin spp., .-- generic as well
as male, the female is spec. hapralena; usu. haprat- in compds. (female hapret-);
haprakange forest-haprali (tropical/temperate); haprat karundifa
haprali "lord of the snow" (northern, prized for its white winter coat). It is
illegal to hunt them (though the Gwr still do); the fur should be obtained only
from naturally dead animals. Articles of the fur are worn only by Kash royalty
on ceremonial occasions; some wealthy Gwr have overcoats made from the skins--
highly offensive to the Kash
hara container, in genl. (any size/material)
haram ready, prepared; çukaram to get ready; rukaram to
prepare s.t., make s.t. ready; akaram preparation; in cookery, recipe; rukaram laca prepare (decorate) a table, as for a formal dinner
haran (vi) to walk; harakaran go for a walk, walk around;
çukaran (~kasi haran) of a child, beginning to walk; akaran the
ability to walk, gait; traharan (of a child) not yet walking;
poharan able to walk to, within walking distance; trapoharan
unable to walk to, not within walking distance.
harep (vt) to remove, withdraw, take away; çukarep (psych.)
withdrawn, becoming withdrawn; akarep withdrawl; removal
haça (vi) to sigh; ...+ poss. ~akaça (n) sigh
hat pron. of 2nd pers. sing., you
have family; hakave ancestor(s)
haveçiñ groups of islands, archipelago
haya light, brightness; trahaya darkness; çukaya to
light up, become light/bright; rukaya to illuminate (lit., fig.);
cakaya blinded by a bright light/flash; hahaya brightly/well lit
hayaros dawn, daybreak (compd. haya+aros); sunrise;
see also pehaya
hayi (pron. hai) yes; nakayi more emphatic, yes indeed
hayin a distant planet (LeGuin's Hain) with an ancient
culture, important member of the Galactic Unity; kehayin a person from
that planet
hayohan sunset (see yohan); irreg. in tukrayo(k) the
"sunset bird"
hece iron (the metal, Fe); hecefal steel (hece + Gwr.dial. fal strong); see also nekrece
hecik noisy; hecikecik ~cakecik very noisy, raucous, out of
order; see also kecik
hemet (edible) beans ~bean-like seeds in genl.-- many varieties
hendekan college, edu.inst. between high school/university; ...
landru university, graduate-level inst.
hendiñ the neck
hendip to connect; akendip connection, relationship
hendo the skin
hendro leather (the tanned skins of various animal spp.)
hendurin the "wings" of those lizard and mammal spp. capable of flight
or gliding-- they are not feathered (there are no feathered animals on Cindu),
but flaps of skin/membrane attached to the front legs and body (typical of
gliders); on some mammals they more resemble a bat's wings, and enable
relatively more controlled flight
hengut (vi) to lie; cakengut lying, mendacious; akengut
a lie, falsehood; kakengut liar (colloq. kangut); hengú
(interj.) that's a lie! Liar! (see also kundri)
hero ~heroci the skin/rind e.g. of fruits/vegetables; membrane;
herokuni layer/coat of paint; painted surface in genl.; herowange
tree-bark; see also kero
hici tooth; hicika(le) dental, pertaining to the teeth (see
also hirundet, hilica, hiraka)
hiki, hiki-hiki ~hikiki to giggle; cakiki overcome with giggling
hila pron. of 2nd pers. plur., you
hilica incisor tooth
himaçema to pray to/ call upon the spirits; (irreg.) kimaçema a
prayer to the spirits (ult. < uhima+çehama)
hinda the earth, the world; hindaka(le) pertaining to the
earth, terrestrial; trahinda unearthly, not of this world, now usu. in
keyopor... alien, extra-terrestrial (person)
hinjar (vt) to pour/pour out (spec. from a container);
akinjar (relig.) a libation, offering to the Spirits; kakinjar
a wine-steward, sommelier (in a restaurant or noble/wealthy house);
cakinjar to pour out in quantity (accidentally)--e.g. vinja
cakamatra, poreñi cakinjar yuñurun the barrel got
broken and the wine poured out all over; (hum., dat) to get drenched,
thorougly soaked (usu. because of rain), e.g. ne cakinjar (ripayi)
he got drenched (by the rain); see also kicara
hirak the ground; soil, earth
hiraka molar tooth
hiri-hiri onomat., whirring sound; as vb., to make such a sound (implies high pitch, see also huru-huru
hirundet canine tooth; fang(s) of an animal
hiçip (vi) to whisper; hiçikiçip to plot, conspire;
akikiçip a plot, conspiracy, scheme
hivus skillful, adept; çukivus liri... becoming (more) skilled (at), getting better at...; akivus ~kivus (q.v.) skill, ability;
takrivus inept, clumsy. (see kakivus, trivus)
hoca (vt) to break up/apart; to undo; to unpack; ...cetre
(yam...) to separate, divorce; rukoca to break s.t. into its
component parts, disassemble; to unpack s.t; cakoca in pieces, falling
apart; in a shambles; hokoca separate, distinct, discrete; akoca
part, component; akokinda (sci., chem.) element; añakoca (cetre) a divorce (see also honja and
compds. with koca-)
hok choke, gag; cakahók id.
hombra dead (see kombra)
honda (vt) to challenge, dare, defy; akonda ~hondani a challenge, dare; añakonda defiance; kakonda challenger
hondekrañu a telepathic attack-- very aggressive, very rude; it may be a prelude to trokañu, lipakañu, or çuñakañu; (honder+hañu)
honder attack (n.); mepu ... to attack
hondo stupid; cakondo id. but more emphatic/pejorative,
willfully or hopelessly stupid
honga (vt.) to lose (see konga)
honja (vt) to analyze; (gram.) to parse; akonja analysis
horak diligent, hardworking; çukorak liri... to apply oneself (to a task
e.g.), takes pains over s.t., work hard at s.t.
horem (vi) to die; çukorem be dying, moribund; rukorem
to extinguish; to kill (syn. pakran); cakorem to get killed, usu.
accidentally; trahorem undying, immortal; horekorem to die out (e.g. of species); horem tanak to be ~to
run out of fuel; prakorem (vi) (be) recently deceased-- but used more
often in the phrase ...re pakorem (the) late..., (often written as one
word; note that the -r- of pra- deletes due to preceding
re)-- e.g. amami re pakorem my late father, lumi toloti
re... the late Mrs. Toloti; with titles-- esp. of the nobility-- one uses
e... as, e karun re..., e mesa re..., e kandumbra N re..., the
late karun, the late mesa, the late Dr. N.; cinga cakorem stoned to death, killed by stoning
(an ancient punishment)
horok bent, crooked; çukorok bending, becoming bent; horoci a small bow of respect; mepu... to make such a bow
rukorok to bend s.t.; cakorok badly bent, deformed; (of a person)
dishonest, untrustworthy; akorok a bend (e.g. in a road, river);
horokorok winding, meandering (of a road, river); hañukorok corrupt,
immoral; see also cahorok
huci ~kuci spark(s) given off by fire or by flint/steel; çukuci (usu. of fire) to give off sparks
hucomba countryside, country area
huhuk ~cakuhuk to wheeze (breathe with difficulty, noisily)
hukombiçi ~hungiçi~miçi to urinate (hukop+miçi)
hukop (vt) to throw away, discard; akukop garbage; añakukop bodily wastes, excreta
hukopaful ~hukaful (vi) to have a bowel movement; (~colloq, somewhat
coarse pafut; nursery pafufi)
huluñ fast, quick; çukuluñ to go faster, increase in speed;
rukuluñ make s.t. go faster; akuluñ ~ huluñi quickness, speed;
cakuluñ excessively or dangerously fast; cf. also tikuluñ
hundap clever, quick-witted; akundap cleverness; guile;
cakundap too clever by half, too smart for one's own good (esp. of the
Gwr)
hundenje political division/section of a city or large town, ward,
precinct; colloq. hundek also neighborhood, "our part of town"
hundri true (see also kundri)
hungu (of food) tasteless, bland; also describes the "taste"of water.
hunjañ to shine, glow (give off steady light, perhaps heat-- like the
sun, a fire, a lamp); akunjañ ~hunjañi the shine/glow of s.t.
hura (vt) to mock, laugh at, make fun of; cakura id., ~to be
mocked, made fun of, maliciously; akura mockery; see also kunda
huru-huru onomat., whirring sound, as vb., to make such a sound (implies low pitch, see also hiri-hiri
hurum (vi) to argue; state a position, propose; ...liri to
argue (amicably) about..; akurum an argument-- both lit. and in the sense
'position/proposal'; (acad.) a scholarly paper/article; hurukurum discuss
the pros and cons, argue amicably, debate; akurukurum a (formal) debate;
cakurum (nom.) to have/get into an argument with; (dat.) argumentative
huça fire; çukuça to catch fire, ignite; rukuça ignite
s.t.; fire (a weapon); cakuça (nom.) go up in flames, be destroyed by
fire; (dat.) get caught in, suffer a fire; see also kuça
hutun a part, part of; (geog.) region, district, area, e.g. hutun
ures the western area/region; hutundu a desert (hot, dry) < hutun tawu hutunga(le) regional; hutukutun
(~ñi) partly, partially, in part; (see also hutuñ, lemba)
hutuñ (obs.) an area/region dominated by a tribe or
ethnic group-- in modern usage, a province; hutungi...
province of... (in names etc., to avoid confusion with hutun);
hutungiya(le) provincial, pertaining to a province (an old
var. of hutun )
See also the Supplement
K (Second letter of hakanga, called ka; a voiceless
to semi-voiced, unaspirated, velar stop IPA [k])
1. -ka suffix used in yes-no questions (see also aka)
2. -ka suffix that marks the imperative (sing.; the plural--little used-- is
-ki); this was formerly the polite form, but is now used in all but the most
intimate circumstances
kacaran (colloq.) identity
kacepoci a paper cloth, tissue (usu. colloq. cepoci)
kacinda surface of the earth, "terra firma"
kacit the mouth
kaconji a disguise; as vt., to disguise, < kati+onji face+pretend
kacupuna the exterior shutters of a house, either decorative or solid/closeable for protection against heavy weather (ult. < ekam+çupuna)
kaham cloud(s); (vi) cloudy; çukaham getting cloudy, clouding
over; cakaham very cloudy, overcast; kahambatu haze or hanging
smoke
kahuna the offspring of the kawu, from birth to approx. 10
months, when they are weaned; before that (6-10 mos.) their meat is very
delicate, but after weaning the meat changes in character and they must mature
another ±year before it becomes usable again
kakarun king/queen, supreme ruler of a region or country;
angakarun kingdom; kakarunga(le) royal
kaket linked/joined together (either mechanically or logically);
interconnected; rungaket to link/join things in such a way;
angaket a series; (chem.) a compound; kake-lusok one after the other, in a series or
chain of events; cakaket of a device or situation, very complex,
difficult to puzzle out because of many interconnections; see also sub kota
kakici dentifrice, tooth-powder
kakivus craftsman, an expert (colloq. kivus)(<hivus)
kakreñ chain (for pulling, binding etc.); ana ... link(s) of a
chain
kaku ~kraku (vt) to annoy, bother; kakraku to pester, wheedle;
cakraku (dat.) very annoyed; (nom.) very annoying
kakutuñ (archaic) chieftain, tribal leader; see also pakrakutuñ
(< /kaN+ hutuñ/, var. of hutun)
kala (vi) to offend, commit a sin (see also ongala)
kalar pregnant (of humans-- the med. and correct tech. term.);
çukalar to get/become pregnant; rungalar to impregnate;
angalar pregnancy; see also yamana, trakalat
kalaracu (adj., n.) pejorative, pejorative term (ult. <
kar- pejor. + aran+çu; see also cingaracu
-ka(le) (~ -a(le) after cons.except nasals and r) sfx.
that forms adjectives from nouns, usu. in formal/technical usage; -le
may be deleted
kales (vt) to insult, speak ill of; (as vi.) cakales insulted;
angales an insult; kales luhu to insult or behave/speak
improperly (deliberately or not) to royalty or a member of the
nobility, lèse majesté
kali wide passageway (often covered) between buildings, or within a
building, lined with small shops, cafes etc.-- a gallery, arcade
kalok a fruit sim. to the banana; angalok the
kalok tree
kambahan lung; kambahanga(le) (tech., med.) pulmonary;
(<pahan
kambakrala (colloq. pakrali) can- or bottle-opener
kambam(i) toy(s), child's plaything(s); see also pambi
kamban (vt, vi) to brake (a vehicle), apply the brakes;
cakamban brake hard/suddenly, make a ?panic stop?; see also epanan
kambilak any large vehicle for carrying loads-- a wagon, motor-truck
etc. (irreg. <filan carry)
kambirum (colloq. kambri, kambrit ordinary cardboard,
paperboard; kambri temboñ (colloq. pritemboñ) corrugated cardboard
(< Gwr inventor/trade name tæng pong)
kambo right, correct; polite; angambo politeness; (pl.) good
manners; etiquette; trakambo impolite; (as n., the opposite of
angambo); kakambo proper, fitting; cakakambo formal (of behavior, usage etc.); cakambo overly polite,
deferential; obsequious; snooty, acting superior; snobbish, a snob
kambra friend; angambra friendship; kakambra friendly;
see also karam, prakambi
kambrate papier-maché
kambrit how? by what means?
kambun (conj.) although, even if (<kami+pun)
kami (emph.) even; kambun even if..., although
kamirik handsome, good-looking (irreg. <akan q.v. +
virik); cf. kandeñ
kamon to be born--e.g. makamon(sa) I was born...;
çukamon gestate, develop (of foetus); añukamon gestation;
gestation period (approx. 280-90 days for humans); rungamon to give birth
to (may also be used intrans.); kamoñi ~angamon birth; kangamon
midwife; cakamon (nom., of a woman) to mis-carry; (dat., of a child) be
still-born; kamonga(le) (med.) pertaining to birth, natal; añahar
kamonga(le) labor, labor-pains (colloq. ahar kamon)
kamombor a child born to an unmarried woman-- a matter of some concern
in noble/wealthy families especially if the father is unknown, or considered
unsuitable (< kamon opor; the contracted form kambor is also
used and is slightly pejorative). Out-of-wedlock births are of little concern
amongst common people, as many ways exist to provide for such a child--
generally it will be taken in by relatives if the mother is incapable or
unwilling to raise it. As a very last resort the child can be given up for
adoption (nobles/wealthy are reluctant to do this).
kana (somewhat archaic) (vt) to stand by/with s.o. (to
assist in some task); (mil.) ...yavu to stand (on) guard; (vi)
...vara to stand ready to..., be prepared to...; kanapo
stand by, hold on, wait a bit (because there's been a delay, or s.t.
is not ready); (obs.) an ally (in battle/war); see also kekana,
patrekana
kanak a claw; claw-like thing; the nails of the fingers/toes;
kanaci thorn
kanakinda a small peninsula or cape, point, headland (<kanak
+hinda; see also ñokinda)
kanawu ~kanó (tech.) sentient being, higher-intelligence life form
(from the Galactic language knau)-- mostly replaces pengañu, the
old Kash term that distinguished humans/cousins from other animals
kanda cargo, freight; a load of s.t. (see also handa)
kandan the mouth (humorous, see also kacit, cimas)
kandakrivus a clumsy, incompetent person/ workman, a "klutz"
(<takrivus)
kandenar an honorary title awarded for special achievements or service
to the nation, equiv. to a knighthood
kandeñ well-formed, well-built both of things and humans (usu. males);
cf. kamirik (irreg. <akan q.v. + leñ)
kandengi librarian (see etengi)
kandi front, front side of s.t.; ri kandi(ni) in front of,
before (prep./of position); kakandi beforehand, earlier; angandi
façade; the look or appearance of s.t.; kandi-mulet back and forth (motion); (see also kati, kandiñ)
kandim see kaninim
kandimuk (colloq.) an idler, do-nothing; one who just sits around when
he should be helping with the work. (contr. <timuhok)
kandiñ (re) (conj./prep. of time, events) before, e.g. kandiñ
cindero before noon; kandikre yakukasa... before he sat down...
kandip the latching mechanism of a door
kandola the nose (<tola)
kandrak customer, client
kandri what? (neut.); kandripun what if...?, what about...?, how about...?'kani-kandri (angry or emphatic) what on earth...?, what the hell...?
kandrok the second-largest island of Cindu; called kadrok in
other dials.
kandroçik sailor; ordinary seaman (naval rank)
kandrucit ~kerucit interpreter, translator (ult. < çindi)
kanducangi (tech., med.) virus, non-bacterial disease-causing organism (rare agent noml. < rucangi, caus. of çangi
kandukeñ stun-gun (see lukeñ)
kandumbra a medical doctor; formerly (and sometimes still locally) a
traditional healer (< tumbra); colloq. often kandur or
kandum; as direct address, kandú
kanget to decide; ...liri decide on..., make up one's mind to...; anganget decision; kakanget decisive (of one's actions); trakanget indecisive, wavering; catrakanget said of a person who can't make up his mind; dithering; see also pinduça
kangi ~tekangi professor (colloq., for tekangaya, see
kaya)
kangun (n) hinge (ult. rel. to kulap)
kangur (colloq. kangu) a writing-pen (ink) (ult. <
kanak+uri)
kangut colloq., liar (irreg., <hengut)
kanin floor; kaningure ground floor of a bldg.; kanimaka
the basement (underground) of a bldg., usu.of concrete block walls, gravel or
concrete floor; kanimbés 1st floor (the floor above the ground floor);
the elegant piano nobile of old-style townhouses; kamita (upper)
floor/story of a bldg.-- kamita nim 5th floor; nekan re nim
kamitani a 5-story building; kaninji mezzanine, entresol--
either (1) built as a balcony in a high-ceilinged room, as in a large store, or
(2) an intermediate, usu.low-ceilinged, story between the kaningure and
kanimbés of an old-style townhouse, intended for the servants, offices,
utility or storage rooms; kanindile crude basement of older houses (no
longer permitted in most towns), usu.with stone/rubble walls and dirt floor,
often barely a crawl-space
kaninim a tracker; (police) detective; kandim (official title)
Detective... (irreg. < inim)
kanjat (vt) to weigh s.t.; ekanjat a scale, weighing device;
see also kicat
kanjetre spouse, male or female (irreg. compd. kaç+cetre)
kanjim any (adhesive) tape, or material used for binding (but not
string or rope); (as vb.) to tape
kanjun any device for grinding; grinding wheel (but not
millstone); see cun
kañale how/in what condition...-- to inquire after someone's health.
(dat. + kañale how is..., what's ....'s condition, e.g. ereke
kañale how is Erek?); (nom.+...) how, what is ... like? (e.g.
kañale laluni how was the party? how did the party go? kañale
erek what's Erek like? what sort of person is Erek?); angaña
situation, condition, state of affairs; (colloq.) kaña-kaña ~kangaña
+poss.? How's it going? How are you doing?
kañap (colloq.) a waiter, in a restaurant (see ambal)
kañuti (colloq.) the police, the cops (see yavu)
kañuwañ pendulum or other device that swings with regular motion
(irreg. <yuyañ)
kapa a coarse, paper-like cloth made from beaten tree-bark; still used
in a few traditional societies (kapra is an ancient deriv.)
kapak (vt.) to hit, strike; ...nilus hit with the hand,
slap; ...epak hit with the fist (see also kepak); kakapak
to fight; cakapak (nom.)get in a fight; (dat.) to get hit (by an object)
kaparan identity-card or document(s) (kapra+aran);
...çeva passport; ...ambu any document of permission, spec. visa
for travel; ...tovacan (coml.) letter of credit
kapi (colloq.) paper money; money; see tokapra, kapiçet
kapiki see nikapiki
kapiçet playing cards; (as vb) to play a card game
(<kapi+kaçet)
kapra paper; see also tokapra
kapralun somehow, in some way
kaprekan see tungaprehan, prekan
kaprikan (commercially made) sandpaper (see also fikan,
fikanga)
kar (sent.conj, inv.) what, that which; (pl.inv.) karaç those
things which
kar- ~kra- pejorative prefix
karak to kick; karaci a little kick; (impolite) slight push with the foot; cakarak to get kicked
karala (colloq. krala) a bottle (usu. glass)
karam (~karanji, karande) term of affection used by both men and women
to describe a very close or special friend (karande, ult. <karam
leñ, esp. implies that there is a sexual relationship)
karat (vt) to saw (wood or similar material); (vt) kakarat to
saw away at (implied: inaccurately); make sawing motions; cakarat
poorly/inaccurately sawn; ekarat (n) a saw (colloq. karat is also
common); karacur a large power-driven, circular saw, e.g. as used in a
sawmill; karacim a band-saw
karem (vt) to give a prize, to reward; engarem prize, reward
karendiya elsewhere, somewhere/someplace else-- near syn. of karinena but more indefinite
karenja (colloq. krenja) see renja
kari (interrog.pron.) who? karikarike (formal, legal) whoever, whosoever (declinable); see also ekari
karikayena (colloq.) who knows where? (indef. e.g. iya ... who
knows where he is [he could be anywhere]; yacosa ... who knows where he's
gone? or, he went Lord knows where [could be anywhere])
karike (indef.pron.) someone; with neg., anyone; karikarike (formal, legal) whoever, whosoever (see also ekari
karimak (vi) to have a cold in the nose (with congestion only) (see
also uçakik)
karinena somewhere, someplace (invar., unlike interrog.
riyena etc.-- whether to/at/from depends on context); see also karendiya
kariyanju (at) sometime, sometime or other
kariyari (slang) what's-his-name (usu.disrespectful); NB irreg.forms gen. kariyarí, dat. kariyaré, no pl.)
karo ~ kakaro a set of (more than two) matching items, e.g. dishes, silverware,
books; to match; ...+NUM a set of (num.) things, e.g. kakaro
ha set of four, a quartet; see also andoro s.v. ro
karona holy, blessed; rungarona to bless, sanctify; (irreg.)
akarona blessing
karun duke, lord; the ruler of a subsidiary region; angarun
dukedom; karunga(le) (adj.) pertaining to such a ruler or region,
ducal; ale/yukar ... to be/become karun; rungarun to
appoint/name s.o. as karun; karumbi (karun+mi lit., my
lord)used as formal 2nd pers. pronoun when addressing a karun. (NB now
monomorphemic; cases are karumbiyi, karumbiye, karumbin; plural would be
karumbila, seldom needed; takes 3d pers. verb)
kasi (vi) to begin; rungasi (vt) to begin s.t.; angasi
beginning; first (ordinal); kasi-kasini first of all..., to begin with...; kasi-casi aboriginal, ab ovo, from the beginning
kaç person; man; someone; by ext., the Kaç people (NB irreg. acc.
kaçin); (adj.) kaç, kaça(le) of the people, popular; ethnic;
plur. kaçila people, e ... spec., the Kaç people. (An old irreg.
deriv. ult. <kayi alive, living; combining form usu. ke-)
kaçama husband (kaç+ama); (slang) çama
kaçar soldier, in genl.; kaçambrut common
soldier, enlisted man (<kaç+samar)
kaçeke movie, moving picture; pungaçeke a movie theatre
kaçepombro X-ray (more similar to MRI); (< kaçet+pombro
kaçet a picture; see ukraçet
kaçinde wife (kaç+inde); (slang) çinde
kaçó (slang) guy, fellow, chap-- it is acceptable in very informal
speech, but some consider it impolite; may also refer to women, though
suçó (q.v.) is more common; cf. also kayó, suyó
kaçuma woman; it is preferred over kaç luma (of which it is
an irreg. compd.)
kaçut man (preferred over kaç sinut, of which it is an
irreg.compd.; note irreg. acc. kaçun)
kati the face (spec. of humans and animals); ñera ... front
wall ~façade of a building (syn. angandi < kandi)
katóç the clone of a human being (from the Galactic language
ktosh; the cloning of humans has not yet been attempted on Cindu); see
also andrangayi
katrayi attractive (of people); kundak ... unattractive, not
very attractive (more polite than trakatrayi); see also trayi
katrelo someday (considered a little less vague than kariyanju)
katrip a covered/colonnaded sidewalk, esp. in hot areas, for
protection against sun and rain
kavan health; (vi) healthy, in good health; good for the health;
(irreg.) kravan poor health; in poor health; (syn. kavan lurup);
cakravan sickly; trakavan unhealthy, not good for one's health;
çukavan becoming healthy, recovering; çukravan (of one's health)
to be declining
kavas (liri) be cautious; be careful of..., take care to..., watch out for... ; cakavas overly cautious, extremely shy in one's dealings; avas(ti)! interj. watch out! be careful!
kawu (pron. kau) a domesticated animal sp., produces a meat
similar to beef (but little milk); as food, inanim.
kaya (vt) to know (s.t.); çukaya to learn, become aware of; may also be used as vt., to figure (s.t.) out (a rare case of such usage); rungaya to make s.t. known, to reveal s.t.; inform/tell s.o. s.t.;
kakaya famous, well-known; trakaya unknown; angaya
knowledge; kangaya scholar, intellectual; akangaya (acad.) the
highest academic degree awarded, equiv. Ph.D; (te)kangaya civar (colloq.
~(te)kangi) professor; kakangaya the intelligentsia
kayañu wise (< kaya+hañu); angayañu wisdom
kayap hood (usu. part of a payo)
kayi (vi, pron. kai) to live; alive, living; çukayi to
come to life; rungayi turn on, ignite; bring to life; angayi life;
añangayi way of life, life-style; kayi-kayi lively, active;
cakayi-kayi overly excited, hyperactive; (gram.) (aran) kayi
animate (noun)-- abbrev. ki; trakayi lifeless, inert; (gram.)
inanimate, neuter-- abbrev. trk (but NB arandakayi (the class
of) inanim. nouns
kayi-ko (tukrim...) another name (< Gwr) for
tukrimbara
kayiñ (pron. kaing) the 3rd day of the 7-day week
kayó (slang) guy, fellow (irreg. neut. pl. kayoç)--
disrespectful and impolite; it implies that the speaker considers himself
superior, or is deliberately ignoring one's status. As direct address, it might
be considered equiv. to "hey, mac!" or "hey, you!". See also kaço, suyó,
suçó.
kayu something; with neg., anything; kakrayu whatever
ke- a non-productive pfx. forming agent nouns (ult. <kaç)
keca (vt) to break; kekeca fragile, breakable; see also
matra
kece rusty (see nekece)
kecik noise, commotion, disturbance (irreg. < hecik)
kecupor a sewer worker; see eçupor
kefin (colloq.) a porter, bearer (see filan)
kehomak pyramid-- ult. < a Gwr language, as they were the principal
builders of them in ancient times. They were generally royal tombs; in some
areas, temples. Some early Kash built them too-- always as tombs-- but their
structures were usually smaller and less finely built.
kekana attendant to a candidates at a marriage ceremony
(esp. a religious one), equiv. to "best man" and/or "maid of honor" (< kana)
kekañ charcoal (< Gwr kay gang)
kekañu (~older/formal kangañu) a telepath
kekevu insect spp. similar to bees; they fertilize plants/flowers; see
also sukekevu
keleken a "lizard" sp., approx. 24-36in in length; its bite is
poisonous, and can be fatal to small children though usually not so to adult
humans
keli the number six; short form (irreg.) ket, which bears the
stress in compds/derivs. e.g. folakét
kelun any mesh- or web-like thing; net; kelumbaki spider-web;
kelungkelucu cobwebs; kelun celici (lit. electronic web)
~kelukinda (lit. world web) the Cindu version of the Internet, abbrev.
kcc
kematromer (colloq.tromer) a criminal (lit., law breaker), < matra+omer
kemboli slang term to describe a Kash female of "average" (1.6 li)
height p>
kembrit a small amphibian, several spp., sim. to frog/toad
kena to affect (emotionally or physically); be afflicted with; to
experience s.t., to suffer s.t.; angena (physical or emotional) affect; kenahañu to move (emotionally)
kenda (vt) to defeat, conquer; cakenda badly/utterly
beaten/defeated, trounced (in battle or, now more commonly, in a game)
kendekimu ~kendeki (colloq.) dishwasher (servant or restaurant
employee) irreg. < tenge
kendi marker of a conditional or contrary to fact sentence
kendra (relig.) to worship (the obj. is in the genitive);
cakendra (dat.) to idolize, worship s.o.; (nom.) worshipful
kendula a small gold chain, worn on the wrist or around the neck-- the
sign of a religious marriage/partnership
keñaki driver, chauffeur; coachman (formerly, the men who pulled the
royal platform; < ñaki)
kepak to hit with the fist; see also kapak, epak
kepecuci (colloq., humor.) a silly, eccentric, ?crazy?-- but amusing
and likeable-- person, a nut, a kook; (as vb.) to be/act that way (ult. <
peçukas)
kepele a vigorous circle-dance, most popular in the countryside (sim.
to hora, sardana)
keper a stringed/bowed instrument (in various sizes) sim.to the violin
family
kepranat the metal zinc (Zn); see also prangi
keret any metal; ... lero gold; ... tandi silver; ...
luhu copper; ...sawu mercury (the -t is often dropped in
compds.); kerekoram lead
kerinda musician; see rinda
kero (vt) to peel, remove the skin/rind e.g. of fruits/vegetables,
remove the bark from a tree; remove/strip paint from a surface; çukero
~kekero (vi) peeling, peeling away, e.g. paint from a surface; having such
an appearance, as the bark of certain trees; cakero (of buildings or
objects that are usu. painted) shabby, in need of paint; fig., can refer to a
person who pays little or no attention to his/her appearance or hygiene (prob.
ult. < *rukero, caus.vb. < hero)
kesamar the common people; see samar
keçaprós lock-tender-- person(s) in charge of a lock in a canal
ketaren (mil.) officer, in genl., the officer class; ketarenji
(tarenji ~trenji) the lowest officer rank (ensign, 2nd Lieut.),
ketarembut (tarembut ~trembut) full (1st) lieut.; ketarendak (tarendak
~trendak) captain (ult. < saren)
keti condition, proviso; rumale keti(ç) to create/impose
condition(s) on...; yangeti (re...) on condition of/(that)..., provided
that...; ketika(le) provisional, conditional
ketrafun an artist (<trafun)
ketuci (slang) deliveryman, esp. mail-carrier (see nunje)
kevasir heir; see vasir
kicara the spout of a container; cakicara to
squirt out/on (usu.from a small opening, or of small quantities,
contrast casunecu s.v. sunecu; ult. < hinjar)
kicat heavy (in weight); çukicat becoming heavy/heavier;
rungicat increase the weight of; angicat ~kicat+poss the weight of
s.t. e.g. kicatni ... it/he weighs..., fiyan kicatti what do
you weigh?; see also kanjat
kici (vt.) to bite; kici-kici to nibble; (colloq. vb/n. (to)
snack); cakici bite accidentally (as, one's tongue or cheek-- the thing
bitten is the subject); get bitten (e.g. by an animal); angici a bite
(wound)
kiciki a bribe (implies a substantial amount); angiciki
bribery; vele ... kiciki to bribe s.o., give a bribe; cakiciki
(but more often colloq. cikiciki corrupt, open to bribery, bribeable; see
also hacip (ult. <kici)
kik (math.) decimal point (see kiki)
kikayoka (NB neut.plur.) ruffian, tough guy, gangster,
canaille, no-goodnik; note colloq. kiyoka, fast speech
kyoka ['kjokə]; (cf. kayo)
kiket a parasite, similar to lice or fleas, easily transferred by
contact, but easily killed by ordinary bathing; onici ... its eggs;
ikri ... its irritating excrement/dead bodies that adhere to the
fur/skin; see ikriti
kiki dot, point, speck; cakiki dotted (pattern, design),
polka-dots
kila (obs., poet.) pron. of the 1st pers. dual, you and I (its forms
are: kili,kile,kin; pfx. ki-, poss. -kim)
kimiyeta(k) ~kimenda(k) (interj.) Congratulations! Well done! Hurrah!
Good for you! (of obscure origin)
kinda (arch., anim. fem.) anciently, the feminine Spirit of the Earth
kingo a crest or plume (usu. of animals); kingowekut id., spec.
of hair; kingendiñ animal's mane (like either a horse's or a lion's); see
also angingo
kinja (vi) to be lying (on...); kikinja heavy, oppressive;
runginja to place s.t. on; cakinja weighted down; oppressed by;
oppressive, repressive (e.g. a regime)
kinji a slave; kikinji slavery; runginji to enslave
kinjum (of colors, surfaces) dull, matte
kirik ~kiri-kirik onomat. for creaking noises; as vb. to creak, make creaking noises (also
mepu...)
kiro (vt) to praise; angiro (n.) praise; kiro-kiro
~cakiro to flatter; angiro-kiro flattery
kivus ability, skill; kivu- combining form. referring to certain
crafts, e.g. kivunula the craft of goldsmithing, (irreg.) kakivunula
a goldsmith; see also akandula;
kivusefi the craft of silversmithing; (irreg.)
kakivusefi a smilversmith; see also akanefi
kivuçece the craft of iron-working, smithing;
(irreg.) kakivuçece a smith (< kivus+hece); see also
yukriçece, akangece; (backform. <akivus, see hivus)
koca- comb. form of akoca (< hoca) part,
component
kocakat (sci.) matter
kocakota (gram.) syllable
kocaluk (med.) blood corpuscle
kocamar a cliche; formulaic expression; < kota+samar
kocanik (sci.) cell
kocañ (vi) to converse, talk, chat; ...liri to converse etc.
about...; angocañ conversation; discussion; çukocañ to get into a
conversation, to "get talking"; rungocañ to discuss; kocangocañ
(overly) talkative; cakoca-kocañ (dat.) to be "talked to death"; unable
to get a word in edgewise-- e.g. sambat yacakaçindi, me cakoca-kocañ he
nattered on so, that I couldn't get a word in edgewise; pokocañ (colloq.)
negotiable; see also yayañ, yañañ, procañ
koceham an incantation, spell, charm (ult. <kota+çehama)
koceñ to bind, have power over (myth., by magical means)
koci (colloq. for takoci) a drinking-cup; koci lalap (Lalap's cup) a constellation, in the shape of an inverted U; see also tangole
kofa a mildly alcoholic beverage similar to beer
kok colloq. variant of koko crazy; cakók crazy, mainly
as interj.
kokaya (vt) to advise, to counsel; angokaya advice, counsel;
kangokaya advisor, counselor; mentor (ult. <kota+kaya)
koko (colloq.) crazy; cakoko ~cakók crazy, to go crazy
kokop (often with -pi barely) (vi) to get by, manage; to cope; ...nowin scrape by, eke out a living
kombos (vi, vt) to roll; rungombos to roll s.t. (implied:
heavy); ekombos a roller (e.g. logs, a wheeled platform placed under a
heavy object); cakombos to roll around/away accidentally, out of control;
kombo-kombos with rolling motion, rolling around; (of a boat in rough
seas) pitching and tossing; sailors are also said to haran ... walk with
a rolling motion
kombra death (ult. < horem); rungombra to kill (see
also pakran); cakombra killed, wiped out, massacred
komer (vi) legal; rungomer to make legal, legalize; (irreg.)
cacakomer legalistic (following too much the letter, not the spirit, of
the law); trakomer illegal; rundakomer to make illegal, to ban;
see omer
kondar (vt) to borrow; kokondar to "borrow" without permission
or for an excessive length of time (but intending-- someday-- to return the
item)
kondrop to be obtuse, dense, refuse to understand, to not "get it";
cakondrop id., but emph/pejor.
koneyu Carbon monoxide (CO)(< Gwr deadly air)
konga lost; cakonga to get lost (of things); misplaced, mislaid
(see also honga)
kono to agree (to), be in accord; (mus.) to harmonize, be in harmony;
angono agreement; pact, treaty; (mus.) harmony çukono (liri) come
to/reach an agreement; rungono (liri) to convince s.o. (of/to...); (mus.)
to tune (an instrument)
kopak a storage box or chest for e.g. clothing, blankets etc.; a trunk; kopacarek strong-box, safe
koprat yesterday; kopramés the day before yesterday
kopronek (modern) refrigerator; (older) an ice-chest; colloq.
koprok
koram (vi) move, be in motion; çukoram get under way;
rungoram to move s.t.; to drive (e.g. a car), to handle, manage;
cakoram out of control (of a car); pokoram (vt, hum. subj.) be
able/ know how to drive a car; (vi, neut subj.) moveable, mobile;
trakoram immobile; stalled (of cars, traffic); angoram movement,
motion
korandam to dance (koram+tam)
korengo (neut.pl, korengoç) evil spirit of
the dead (who were evil in life); (as adj., also ~cakorengo,
cakrengo) ghoulish, extremely perverse or nasty, of behavior,
thoughts or words. Anciently, korengoç were believed to eat
the flesh of corpses, hence the custom of cremation. Nowadays, they
occur mainly as a literary device in horror stories
kos ~ kosi 100 pem (about 5oz.)-- an old term from a pre-metric
system, adapted for convenience.
koça (of a machine or other device) to work, to run, function;
rungoça to turn on/start up (a machine); of a clock, to reset; see
kroca
kota word; to say (colloq.~ kotani); rungota to put into
words, to express; angota statement; (gram.) sentence; (math.) formula; angota kaket
compound sentence; kotakaket (gram.) a compound word; kotaka(le) verbal;
kota-kaca nonsense words, mumbo-jumbo; kota-lafota(ni) (slang) pointless or rambling talk, "blah-blah-blah, yada-yada" etc.
kotan a popular dance in 4/4 time
kotap (vi) separate, apart, distinct; rungotap to separate,
keep/put apart; trakotap (gram.) elided or slurred, of vowels or other
speech-sounds, ...+ni elision; see also owap
kotayi to deny (<kota+tayi)
kotreñ to compliment s.o.; as adj., complimentary (e.g. kotaç kotreñ complimentary words; angotreñ a compliment; kotreñ mulet to give a "back-handed" compliment; to "damn with faint praise":; cakotreñ (liri...) to compliment escessively,to flatter, to "butter up"; B>cakotreñ uncomplimentary, unkind (usu. of words)
kotrinju poem; poetry (kota+rinju)
kotroçe tide; kotrocalip low tide; kotronuro high tide
(colloq., the initial syl. of these compds. is deleted)
kowana ghost, spectre, apparition (usu. of someone dead);
kowakañu hallucination (...+hañu)
kra- ~ kar- pejorative prefix
kracal problem, difficulty; kracalni (coll.) the problem is...
krahake (~ama..., often with the name of the specific forest) the
Spirit of Forests, generally considered malevolent
krahar to inflict pain deliberately, to torture (cf. ahar);
akrahar torture; sadism; kakrahar torturer, sadist.
krak onomat., the sound of s.t. breaking
krala) see karala
krambo (myth.) a dwarf (< Gwr. ka lang bo, a name);
kakrambo (myth.) dwarves, in genl., not highly regarded
krañoni (vt) to tempt, to test (kra- pej. +ñoni);
akrañoni temptation, trial
krat (the) most, expresses the superlative degree; kratni most
of..., the most; as adv., mostly, for the most part
kratonjep to perform boring or repetitious tasks; see sonjep
(ult. <haran (ri) sonjep-- cf. Span. "dar vueltas a la noria")
kratup (onomat.) to fall on one's back; cakratup id.
kratupa (pej.) witch/witch-doctor, traditional healer but likely to
employ unorthodox or sham treatments; an incompetent/unlicensed/sham medical
doctor, a "quack"; (irreg.) angatupa sham or unorthodox medicines, of
little or no proven effectiveness-- "quack" remedies, nostrums; (ironic)
panacea, cure-all
kraya a lighthouse, in mariners' usage; see layakraya
krek (onomat.) the sound of crackly things; cakrék to crunch,
crackle; chew noisily
kreki a cracker or crisp cookie; krekicam a sweet cookie;
krekimat cracker (neutral or salty)
kreles ~kreleçu, kreçu weedy plants in genl.; cakreles weedy,
overgrown with weeds (see also okam)
krende the small, very sour berry of a bushy plant, used in
jams/jellies, or dried (sim. to currants)
krenja colloq. var. of karenja q.v.
krenji (colloq.) monorail (see also sakremes)
kret bitter (taste or mood) ; sukret bile; akret
bitterness; note final stress in: rumakrét to make s.t. bitter; to
embitter (mood); cakrét bitter, resentful (near syn. hañukrét
krici, krici-krici onomat. for squeaking noises; as vb., to make such noises (also mepu...
kriyoka a mischievous minor spirit/sprite who causes things to be
mislaid ~go missing
kroca broken (not functioning but probably repairable); çukroca
breaking down; rungoca to break s.t. (so that it no longer works);
cakroca broken, kaput (i.e. beyond repair-- stronger than kroca)
kroki colloq. for kurok, 1/100 taruna, cent
(monetary); kronjo, kroka, kropot coins of 50, 25, 10 cents resp.
krombi ~kromi a 1-cent coin, 1/100 truni (ult. < kroki meme
baby coin; dial., same as prangi
kromonje quiet, taciturn; of the voice, soft
krongo onomat. grunt, as vb. to grunt (from effort, disdain, disinterest; also mepu...)
krulup ~hañukrulup a weak-willed person, a "wimp" (ult. <: kar+lurup)
kruñ ~kukruñ (onomat.) growl; mepu... to growl (see also
ruñur)
ku- prefix to form ordinal numbers (<kunjo)
kucalom the color grey
kuci see huci
kuka (vi) to sit; runguka to seat s.o.; anguka seat,
chair (colloq. also eku(k)); kanguka chairman, presiding official
kukruñ see kruñ
kukuca glowing coals, embers; (as adj.) red-hot
kulap (vi) to hang, hang down; be hanging; ... alo to depend
on; çukulap to sag, be sagging; rungulap to hang s.t., hang s.t.
up; cakulap caught, snagged; (obs.) hanged; angulap a pendant
(jewelry); see also kundap
kulawu animal, in genl.; usu. kulu in compds. e.g.
kuluka(le) (adj.) animal; ele-kulu flora and fauna; see also kulunaya
kulumbik puna domestic (farm) animals;
kulunaya species
kumba a plant sp., and the extract from its roots, used in rural and
traditional areas to stun fish in rivers/streams; the word is more common on
Hanjomim-- see also vunja
kumbe (vt) to embrace, hug; in genl., to wrap the arms around s.t., to hold it or to pick it up; (as n.) an embrace, hug
kumbor (~cakumbor) (vi) to collapse, cave in; çukumbor
(of a building/machine etc.) in bad repair, tumble-down, likely to
collapse/fail; rungumbor to raze a building, to demolish; angumbor
(n) collapse; (fin.) business failure, collapse or depression in the
stock-market
kumor silent; çukumor to grow silent; rungumor to
silence s.o. or s.t.; cakumor speechless, struck dumb; angumor
silence (absence of sound)
kumus a sweet cake; kumboren a wine-flavored cake, used in
certain ceremonies
kunak (kuna preceding a cons.; aux, adv.) maybe..., might...,
may...; kunangi about, around (see kunañ)
kunañ ~kuna(ni) about, around, approximately-- usu. of time, distance,
size etc.-- kunañ usu. before a vowel (back-form. <kunangi
< earlier kunak+ni)
kunda (vi) to laugh; ...minda chuckle, laugh a little;
angunda ~...+ni laughter; see also hura
kundak not very... (a polite negative qualifier, cf. Ml.
kurang) (< kunak +tak)
kundamakra (folk etym. 'laugh+marrow') a psychotropic ~hallucinatory
drug, of Lañ-lañ origin which Kash have been known to experiment with-- it is a
plant extract, difficult to obtain, used mainly by Lañ-lañ shamans (< Prevli
gonsa-magra ['gonsa'maGra])
kundap (vi) to be dependent (...alo ...on); cakundap
id. but pejor.; financially dependent on another; a "sponge", "free-loader", a
"moocher"
kundapor a mythical dragon-like beast (orig.in Gwr myth. kung da
pr)
kundele blue (colloq. tele)
kundi (vt) to injure, harm s.o.; angundi an injury; cakundi to get injured, be badly injured; trakundi harmless; rundakundi to render s.o/s.t. harmless; pokundi vulnerable; trapokundi invulnerable; rundapokundi to render s.o/s.t. invulnerable
kundri truth (e ... Truth, in the abstract); kundrini
the truth is..., in fact..., actually; trakundri falsehood, a lie;
kukundri really, truly; real, genuine (cf. also hundri, hengut)
kundroçe green, bluish-green (kuni+roçe), colloq.
troçe
kundrus (arch.) an arch
kunduhu a shade of red (darker than çisu)
kungula throne (royal) (<kuka+anula)
kungoyor the color orange (see pangoyor)
kungur carbonated, fizzy; of some wines, pétillant; see
sukuku
kuni color, in genl.; kandri kunini what color is it?
kunipat pied in color
kuniró/kunisít bi-/tri-colored; ecut kuniró the barely-visible
striped pattern in the fur of some Kaç
kunjimas the palate of the mouth
kunjo divided; angunjo division, section; trakunjo
undivided, whole; trapokunjo indivisible; çukunjo (vi) to divide;
rungunjo (vt) divide s.t., split s.t. in two; cakunjo cracked,
split (usu. of large objects-- wood, stone etc.); mesangunjo one-half;
mekunjo a 50-kurok coin, 1/2 taruna;
kunjo-kunjo(ni) by halves, half-and-half, 50/50; see also kut
kunjuki (visible) sprout of a seed or plant; kunjukange sprout of a tree, sapling (ult.< unjuk)
kuñat to taste of, taste like... (see uñat)
kupek to include; kupekni including...
kupo parallel; vorangupo (geom.) parallelogram (< Gwr kuq baw);
in geog./navigation, a parallel, line of latitude (more formally, acingupo)
kure low; humble; çukure to "lose face", to lose status;
rungure to debase, humiliate (s.o. or oneself); cakure made a fool
of, humiliated; nayakure low status, socially inferior, (as n.) such a person
kuret (...liri) (vi) be ashamed (of...); çukuret
becoming/feeling ashamed; runguret to shame s.o., to disgrace s.o.;
cakuret (of actions) shameful, disgraceful; (of people) deeply ashamed,
disgraced; anguret ~kuret+poss. (n) shame, disgrace; (as interj.)
kure-kuret+poss. ~kukuret+poss. shame on....!
kuriñ rib-bone
kurip (vt) to hand over, pass along; angurip message;
kangurip messenger; rungurip to transfer, to transmit;
ekurip the token or baton in a relay race.
kurok 1/100 taruna, ~cent (monetary unit), colloq. kroki;
kronjo a 50-cent coin; kroka a 25-cent coin; kropot a
10-cent coin; (ult. <ku+rongo hundredth)
kurolí .01 li, the Cindu "centimetre"
kusap froth, foam; a boat's wake; kukusap (adj.) frothy, foamy;
(fig.) frivolous, trivial, silly, inane; not to be taken seriously;
çukusap becoming foamy/frothy; to foam up; rungusap (cookery) to
beat or whip into a froth; ca(ku)kusap (fig.) whipped up, excited or
inflamed emotionally (negative connotations)
kusimi the smallest sp. of Cousin, can become semi-domesticated-- generic/male term; the female is
kuçena
kuça (vi) of a fire, to be burning (usu. of small, controlled fires,
as in a brazier or stove); yunguça a stove or other place for cooking;
kuça-kuça a (cooking) fire reduced to glowing coals/embers, suitable for
grilling; see huça, anguça
kuçena the female of the kusimi
kut (math.slang, < kunjo) divided by, as rofola kut nim
ya(le) ha 20 divided by 5 is 4; yakút goes into..., as ha yakut
rofola, ya(le) nim 4 goes into 20 five (times)
kutrap (vt, vi) to stretch (s.t.), e.g. like rubber; also fig., to
extend from one point to another; pokutrap stretchable
kutrek (vi) be embarrassed, discomfitted; psychologically
uncomfortable; çukutrek becoming/feeling so; rungutrek to
embarrass s.o., cause discomfort; cakutrek (of actions) very
embarrassing; (of people) deeply embarrassed; angutrek ~kutrek+poss.
embarrassment
kuvus (vi) to be thankful; anguvus thankfulness, gratitude;
note formulaic makuvus (I) thank you (reply: ta yale ~colloq.
tale it's nothing-- lit. 'there is not')
kuwa (vi) (be) same, identical; (math.) equal; ... yam (be) the
same as, identical to; kuwa-kuwani (conj.) all the same..., still...,
nevertheless...; (Dat.) kuwa-kuwa(po) it's all the same ~it doesn't matter to (to me, you, him); or,
depending on tone of voice, "it's the same old stuff, it's about
what you'd expect" comparable to Engl. "same-old same-old"
or Indonesian "sama-sama"
kuwacu simultaneous(ly), at the same time
kuyop stale, no longer fresh (usu. of foods); kukuyop stagnant
(water); çukuyop getting stale, stagnating
See also the Supplement
Ç (Fourth letter of hakanga, called ça, a voiceless
palatal fricative, IPA-SAMPA [S] or [š] s-hacek.)
çahu (vi) to stink, smell bad; caçahu id., more emph., to reek
çaka power, force, energy; peçaka powerful, mighty, forceful;
capeçaka said of s.o. who pretends to more power than he actually has;
traçaka powerless; çakrak a martial art similar to karate (not
same as carengilus)
çakañu telepathy, the art/ability itself; lit., power (of) mind (older çakahañu, still used formally)
çako(ni) (pej., colloq.) gang, bunch of...
çakonji genl. term for the various spp. of saurians ("lizards") found on Cindu
çakrum (vt) to destroy; yuçacrum to deteriorate, degrade (colloq. çakrunji id.); caçakrum utterly destroyed, in ruins
(e.g . by some catastrophe); yanjakrum (anim.) typhoon, hurricane (irreg.
<yanga çakrum); acakrum destruction; e acakrum The
Destruction (nuclear war of 2701 p.m.)
çalom grey; of the sky, overcast
çama (slang) husband (see kaçama)
çamaka (slang) the hard cartilaginous material of the penis; an
erection, "hard-on, boner" (the -a is usually dropped in poss. forms--
çamakmi, çamakti)
çamasú the Spirit of (fresh) Water-- in rivers and streams, lakes and
ponds, waterfalls, natural springs etc.-- capricious
çamat disgusting, nasty, sickening (usu. of tastes, odors, etc.);
çuçamat (of food) to go bad, spoil; spoiled, bad (of food);
rucamat to sicken, to disgust; cakaçamat overcome/sickened by s.t.
disgusting
çambi interj. comparable to "oh god, good god, ye gods, good
heavens!"; (colloq.) çambimi id., also "oh my goodness!, goodness me!"
(<çehama+mi)
çambrocu (pej. of old men) old duffer, geezer; "dirty old man"; see sinambrok
çami (vt) to tolerate, to abide, usu. with neg.; (adj.) traçami
intolerable
çande average, medium (size); çandek (math.) average
çandur spacious, roomy; rucandur to enlarge (a space), to
add/build on to a house/building; acandur space, roominess, "elbow-room";
(math./geog.) area (esp. if large)
çangan (vi) to lie down, recline; rucangan put s.o. to bed;
cakaçangan to collapse (lit. or fig.) from fatigue, be completely tired
out; take to one's bed from fatigue or illness; eçangan a bed, cot,
pallet, mat-- anything on which one may lie; yucangan in some cultures,
the area of the house where one sleeps (on a mat)
çangayi alt. (older) form of çañuke q.v.
çangi sick; acangi sickness, disease; yuçangi getting
sick; rucangi to sicken s.o.; çaçangi sickly, invalid;
keçangi a sick person, an invalid; cakaçangi sickening,
nauseating; to get sick suddenly
çanges a storm; as vb/adj. stormy; various compds. e.g.çangeripa rain
storm, çangenifa snow storm; çuçanges becoming
stormy; cakaçanges caught in a storm, overtaken by...
çangot horn (of an animal); as adj. horn-like in shape or texture;
(med.) keratose
çañuk colloq. var. of çañuke q.v.; (as interj.) ~çañupo
just imagine! imagine that!; sacañuk(mi) (I) suppose/guess/assume so;
ta pole çañuk (I) can't imagine!
çañuke (...liri, vi) to imagine, suppose, hypothesize; to
fantasize/daydream about; imaginary; hypothetical; çañu-çañuk (re...)
supposing that...; acañuke s.t. imagined, an idealization, hypothesis; a
fantasy, daydream; añacañuke imagination; kacañuke daydreamer;
caçañuke imaginative; given to daydreaming/fantasizing. Note: colloq.,
the final -e is dropped in all forms. See also çangayi, çayu
çapalak headache (ult. < çangi falaka)
çapat surprised, amazed; rucapat to surprise, amaze s.o.;
cakaçapat surprised, more emph.; shocked; acapat amazement,
wonderment; çaçapat surprising, amazing
çapus puffed up, inflated; yuçapus to become so; colloq., to
get fat; rucapus (vt) to expand, inflate, enlarge; cakaçapus
conceited, self-important
çarahu low islands (usu. offshore) almost-- or completely-- covered at
high tide
çaram military; martial; añaçaram army, armed forces
çarek strong (i.e. muscular or mechanical strength); yuçarek to
get strong(er); rucarek to strengthen; cakaçarek said of s.o. who
exerts more effort than is required, "doesn't know his own strength";
acarek strength; traçarek weak; a weakling (syn. lurup);
la- ~caçarek stronger ~ strongest
çarok (vt) to bury, inter (a corpse-- not common amongst the Kash)
çaru reef or sandbar in the ocean; sandbar in a river; çaru
çayal spec., a coral reef
çasa (vi) to try, attempt; yucasa (colloq. mepu çasa) to
make an attempt, make a stab at; acasa an attempt; cakaçasa to try
(hard) but fail (at s.t.)
çasi spoke(s) of a wheel; çaçiyur ~çaçuri radius (of a circle)
çaçak irreg. variant of ñaçak
çaçet a k.o. bagpipe (of the Lañ-lañ, < Prevli [ZaSte ~Zaset] =
/y-yaset/)
çaçuña (vt) to reach for, reach out for
çat ash(es); visible sediment in water, wine etc.; çakombra the
ashes of a cremated body
çayal coral (or the Cindu equiv.)
çayu to dream (while sleeping); (dat.)... to have a dream, to dream;
acayu ~çayuni a dream; kacayu dreamer; cakaçayu (to have a)
bad dream, nightmare; but also, dreamy, given to fantasizing, in a world of
one's own; see also çañuke
çeci sober (not drunk); yuceci to sober up after drinking;
aceci sobriety; irreg. cakaceci to give up alcohol, "go on the
wagon"; NB the variant base ceci is also used.
çehama spirit-- generally, the spirits/forces that the Kash believe
inhabit all objects in Nature; çehamala prahañurak the
Greater Spirits-- Earth, Sea, Sky, Sun, Vuruna (moon), Wind/Storm, certain
Cousins; çehamala prahañumik the Lesser Spirits-- Lalap (moon),
trees/wood, metals, plants and animals, rocks etc.; usu. çeham- ~çem- in most compds.; ~çam- comb.form with names of Cousins, e.g. çakaprali, çangusimi; çehanga(le) pertaining to the spirits; magic, magical; see also
çambi; çehama is sometimes used to describe non-Kash or alien
deities;
çeka a tile; ruceka to tile (a surface)
çelum back, behind; çeluñi afterwards, then, next; ...ri
after (conj.), tayanju ... from now on; añaçelum aftermath; çelucelum later on; çelumori mouth of a river
çemanifa the Snow Spirit, considered beautiful but capricious or
dangerous, observed only in those areas where snow occurs
çemu (vi) to go/do shopping (not for food); (vt) to shop for s.t.
specific; çemu-çemu ~çeçemu to window-shop; "just looking"
çendek strong-willed; determined; caçendek stubborn, fixed in
one's ways, inflexible (cf. also fatap)
çender candidate for religious marriage (bride or
groom, or same-sex partners)
çendet (relig.) to bind, in a religious marriage
ceremony; acendet religious bond, binding; traçendet
(of a relig. marriage) to be undone/divorced/annuled
çendiyas the Spirit of Knives and blades in genl.; benign when
properly used, dangerous if not
çendralero the Spirit of the Night/Darkness, malevolent
çendup (vt) follow along behind s.o., trail s.o., tag along with;
caçendup be followed by s.o. uninvited (or at least unwanted); (fig.)
carry around an unwanted burden/responsibility, or (undeserved) reputation
çenge forest-spirit, sprite, "elf"
çenjik stoic, stolid; dignified; acenjik dignity; caçenjik
impassive, indifferent
çeñ (mus.) cymbal(s); onomat. for their sound (usu. with lengthened
vowel)
çeñamir the Ice Spirit, dangerous; observed only in those areas where
ice can occur
çepo cloth, in genl.
çeçin earnest, serious
çeva (vi) to travel; çeva-çeva to travel around, to tour (no
spec. destination); kaceva traveler; eçeva (q.v.) trip, journey
çeyak sour; (colloq. any pickled food); yuceyak to go sour, go
bad (e.g. wine); kaceyak ~rupat... to preserve (food) by pickling (see
suçeyak)
çicim thread; cicim ~rucicim to sew; çici-ñuçup needle
and thread
çifes a herd (of animals); see cifes
çifi(ç) (imit.) sniffle, boo-hoo; (irreg.) cakacifi(-cifi)
snivelling, whining, boo-hooing; kacipi ~kacíp such a person-- a whiner,
complainer; the variants cifi(ç), cipi also occur, often with the pej.
suffix -çu
çikana ripple(s) (in water, wind-blown sand etc.); ripply or wavy
design/pattern; (as vb) to ripple; rucikana to cause ripples, make s.t.
ripple
çiki (vi) to spatter (of small droplets, as oil when frying);
çikraki to splash, make a big splash, (as s.t. thrown into water)
çikun (~ekacikun) the ear
çikundik to notch the ear; (n.) such a notch (nowadays of animals
only; anciently, a punishment for criminals)
çim cord, string; rúcim to tie, to knot; irreg. cakacím
tangled, all knotted up; çiñole a measuring tape; ácim a belt or
sash; e acikinda (colloq.) the Equator; see also cicim, kanjim
çimbrak rope; rucimbrak tie up with rope
çimo (~çimo-çimo ~çimo-cimo) cheap, inexpensive; acimo
(colloq. cimo) a good buy, a bargain
çindar (vt) to climb e.g. a tree, clamber up s.t.; see eçindar;
cindarinda
çinde (slang) wife (see kaçinde)
çindi (vi) to speak; as vt only with language or
words etc. as object; yuçindi (of an infant) beginning to speak;
rucindi to interpret, translate; cakaçindi to babble, prattle,
natter on; poçindi able to speak (of a child); the neg. is ta
...) trapoçindi mute, unable to speak (physical problem);
çindika(le) oral (of speech); traçindi quiet (not speaking);
unspoken, tacit, implicit; acindi speech (ability or
oration); çindi + poss. speech (ability; e.g. his speech is
slurred); see also acin-
çindiyon (colloq. ciñonde) armband, worn on the upper arm
çiñep a drawstring (esp. of hapit,
ceromik); laces (of shoes and some garments); (med.) surgical
sutures; meciñep to pull/tighten/tie a drawstring or
laces; to lace up; (med.) to suture/sew up an incision or wound
çiñukat (colloq. ciñuki) bracelet, wrist-band
çires striped (of cloth, designs- not of fur)
çiru (vi) to sleep, go to sleep (see also çiçi); yuciru
~ çiçiru (getting) sleepy; ruciru to put to bed; cakaçiru
(dat.) extremely sleepy, nodding off; (nom) fast asleep, dead to the world.
çisu the color red; çisombara the color violet; çisumik
pink
çiçi (vi) to sleep, go to sleep; sleepy (nursery term)(<
çiru)
çivar (vt) to teach; kacivar teacher, usu. in secondary
schools, or the lowest univ. rank; in student's slang kacíp (somewhat
disrespectful, not direct address) ~kacipi (less so, may be direct
address); rucivar to lecture about s.t., (relig.) to preach;
acivar lesson, lecture, sermon
çohan (colloq., very informal) sunset; cf. hayohan
çohi (vt) to hunt for (game - not for lost objects); kacohi
hunter
çohok (n.) sob, sobbing; (vi) to sob; cakaçohok sobbing
uncontrollably, wracked with sobbing
çoko the lap; rucoko seat/hold s.o./s.t. on the lap;
çoko-çoko to sit on the lap, e.g. (correct usage) yaçoko-çoko ini
she sat on his lap; yaçoko-çoko indeyini he sat on his mother's lap;
colloq.usage avoids the genitive complement-- yaçoko-çokoni, yaçoko-çokoni
inde; also usu., arati, çoko-çokomi come, sit on my lap.
çomba (NB anim.) land (as a physical thing that can be
possessed, bought, sold)
çopur (vt) to harvest, gather; poçopur ripe, ready for
harvest; acopur (n) harvest
çoçomu sulfur (çahu+çumo)
çoteru fog; foggy; yucoteru becoming foggy; rucoteru to
confuse s.o./s.t., to obfuscate; caçoteru overtaken by fog, caught in fog
(at sea); completely confused
-çu diminutive/pejorative suffix
çu- ~çuk- usual form of the inchoative vb. prefix; see also yu-
~yuk- (ult. irreg. <yukar)
çucuña (vt) grasp at, hold onto
çufat (vi) to behave, act; acufat ~ çufat+poss. behavior, way
of acting (see also cupat)
çuhuñ the trachea, windpipe
çukramba (inch.) to get dark (< oramba)
çuku deaf; yuçuku growing/becoming deaf; acuku
~çuku+poss. deafness; çuku-çuku ~caçuku deafening, extremely loud;
(anim.subj., dat.) temporarily deafened e.g. by noise or a hard blow
çulo corner; angle; ...tikar right angle, ...puño acute
angle, ...voçil obtuse angle
çuma fat, thick; çucuma getting fat; rucuma to fatten
s.t. or s.o.; make s.t. thicker; çunji plump; cakaçuma obese,
grossly overweight
çumake the oar-lock(s) of a rowboat
çumbate in vele/mepu... to glare at, look at angrily (dat.obj.
in normal position). NB the form is of colloq.origin; the original compd
içumbate-- <içun+mate hard eye-- still occurs, but rarely, and is
considered bookish/affected
çumbet a nut (fastener for a bolt, fetrak)
çumbuna (colloq. çupuna) window (ult. < içun puna)
çumet plastic, malleable
çumo the color yellow
çundir (vi) to push off, away (from); rucundir to push
s.t./s.o. away; to reject
çunduçu lascivious, leering; vele/mepu... to leer at (dat.obj.
in normal position). NB of colloq.origin; as noted s.v. çumbate, the
original compd. içunduçu-- < içun+luçu promiscuous eye-- is still
heard, but rare
çungak the esophagus
çungañu see çuñakañu
çungur (vi) confused; çuçungur confusing; yucungur
becoming confused; rucungur to confuse s.o.; acungur confusion;
cakaçungur thorougly confused, perplexed, at a loss
çunu different; yucunu (vi) to change; rucunu (vt) to
change; acunu ~çununi difference; añacunu change, transition; çucunu various, diverse; rucucunu to diversify
çuña (vt) to grab, catch hold of; (legal) to arrest; çuña-lipat to kidnap (tense marker added to lipat
(cf. çucuña, eçuña); acuña a handle (by which s.t. is picked up)
çuñakañu ~çungañu lit., grab the mind-- very aggressive, potentially harmful to the subject; legally reserved for emergency situations, such as averting a physical attack, e.g. an assassination attempt. A Kash may at best be able to control one or two attackers; some Aliens can control quite large groups, though the force weakens with distance; çuña-lipat to kidnap (tense suffixes added to lipat)
çupas (colloq. çupi) a tea, tisane, infusion
çupatu chimney
çupunduk (liri...) becoming opposed (to), to set
in opposition to; see munduk
çura (vt) to honor, respect (see eçura); çuraka(le)
honorable; teçurak an honored elderly person; as title, the honorable..
çusu (onomat.) rustling noise, as of some fabrics, leaves, etc.
çuçap wet, damp, moist; yucuçap (vi) becoming wet, moist;
rucuçap (vt) to dampen, moisten s.t.; cakaçuçap soaking wet;
çuçaros dew; see also cucap, çupas
çuwambrocu (pej. of old women) old crone, old bag, hag; see suwambrok
See also the Supplement
C (Fifth letter of hakanga, called ca, a voiceless
to semi-voiced palatal affricate, IPA [tS] or [tš] )
ca- variant of caka- the accidental prefix (esp.with
k- or a polysyllable); also, forms the superlative of some adjs.
cacarandak see tarandak
cacuk a larger version of the cicak "lizard" (50+ cm.), found
around farms-- aggressive, their bite is septic
cahak (vt) to raise, increase (e.g. prices)
cahorok deformed; irregular in shape; runjahorok to deform
s.t., bend s.t. out of shape
cak ~cik ~cek ~cuk ~cok (onomat., often redup.) the "barking" cries
made by some "lizards"-- cak is generic; cik, cek apply to smaller
spp., cuk, cok to larger; cacak ~cicik etc., to make that sound;
see also cacuk, cicak, caracukrak
caka- prefix of the accidental form of vbs.; (~cak- before
vowels or r, ca- before k, h, which >k, and
bases of 3 or more syllables; sometimes irreg. before c, ç)
cakahar be in agony, be tortured (lit., fig.); agonize over, be
tortured by (<ahar)
cakakar hurt (feelings); see ahakar
cakanahan eroded (of land); corroded (by oxidation, acid or harsh
chemicals); irreg. anjanahan erosion; corrosion
cakaníp to slip; of vehicle, to skid (see nip)
cakatrom baseless, unfounded, without foundation (of an argument,
belief, opinion etc.; ult < om)
caki (colloq.) late, not on time; yanda caki don't be late!;
cakiti you're late!; cakacaki to dawdle, move/act deliberately
slowly (< Gwr); see also fandat
cakokro see lokro
cakraka(le) (colloq. cakra[k]) rocky; like rock, stone
(irreg.adj. <cangar)
cakrom the smith's anvil (ult. < cangar+om)
cakróp to fall forward, fall on one's face (see rop)
cakrús (~rus) moldy, musty, mildewed
caléñ best, the best
calin a single-reed wind instrument, with finger-holes/keys, sim. to
the clarinet
calip shallow; yucalip (of water) becoming shallow; (of the
tide) to ebb; anjalip a shallow place, a ford; kotrocalip low
tide; calilip a small depression, dip e.g. in a road or the land
calupa a complete mess, total disorder/disarray; also
redup.cacalupa id. but more intensive; of obscure origin-- perh. < ca-
superlative(?) + lupa ...? (perhaps < Gwr)
cambrowa curbstones, curbing of any material (stone, concrete, brick)
(< cangar+vora)
cami (n) sugar; (adj.) sweet to the taste; runjami to sweeten,
add sugar to; cakacami overly sweet, cloying (fig. and lit.);
tracami sour; see ecami
camúk colloq. for tramuko
candok decorated, ornate; (vt) to decorate; cacandok overly
decorated, gaudy, flashy; cando-ningar jewelery in genl.
("body-ornament"); candinula id. of gold; canditrevas id. of
precious stones
candri to face (of inanim., direction), as punani yacandri ures his house faces west; andri-manjandri facing each other; see also cati
candroñ leaning over, at an angle; yucandroñ beginning to lean,
going off-plumb; runjandroñ cause s.t. to lean/tilt; cacandroñ
leaning precariously/off-plumb
canduyu (tech.) radiation (from radioactive or other source), < Gwr dzay
dwiw 'living atom'
canga (vi) to gather, assemble; runjanga (vt) to assemble a
group, call a group together; anjanga an assembly, a group called
together for some purpose; ensemble, set of things that go together;
paranjanga (colloq. p(a)ranjak the Assembly (legislative body);
see also ecak
cangar stone, rock; cangacun mill-stone, grinding-stone;
cangakruça lava; the adj. form is cakraka(le) q.v.
cango a group of..., bunch of... (usu. of people)--pejor. çako is related
capup (inflatable) tire of a vehicle (cf. çapus)
caracukrak a very large "lizard" sp. (1.5+ m.), dangerous but mostly
restricted to isolated/forested areas
caraka biggest, largest
carekañu courage (ult. < çarek+hañu); ca- ~ cakaçarekañu to find/summon up the courage (to do s.t.), to "screw up one's courage"
carengilus (colloq. carengi) a martial art, similar to karate
(ult. < çarek+nilus) (not same as çakrak)
caruki (slang, n/vb/adj.) sexually exciting/stimulating,
a "turn-on" (ult. < rungi)
casi source, origin; casingi originally; runjasi (vt) to
originate s.t., to found/establish; pecasi alo... (colloq. ale casini
alo... (vi) to originate from, have origin in..., to come/derive from...; see also kasi-casi s.v. kasi
casiyu a natural spring; a well (ult. <casi+su); casiyundu an oil-well (+yundu)
catawu (colloq., var. cakatawu) thirsty; see tawu
cati (vt) to face (of anim., fig/lit.), as yamaçan yacati minaye he turned to face Mina ~he turned and faced Mina; yaçenjik yacati akoreñi he faced his death with dignity/stoicism; cati-manjati (vt) to confront (implies at least some aggression or hostility); (vi) ...yam... go face to face with...(some hostility or aggression); be/stand face to face with...(neutral); cakacati (yam...) to confront s.o.(implies hostility/aggression), to mess with s.o., "get in s.o's face"; tracati alo... to avert one's face/gaze; to turn away from; catracati said of one who tends to ignore unpleasant facts/situations
catup (vi) to bounce (< tup)
cayi (pron. cai) (aux) have to, must
cecek a bolt of lightning (see cek)
ceci sober, not drunk (var. of çeci)
ceho (pol.) freedom, liberty (< Gwr?)
cek (imit., interj., ~cekeç) lightning; cecek a bolt of
lightning; cakacék (inanim. nom., anim. dat.) struck by lightning; see
cekur
ceka lame, crippled (as a permanent condition); cekaka id.
temporarily
cekici (colloq. ceki-ceki) static electricity (of minimal sort, e.g. by rubbing the fur); the spark or small shock caused by it
cekur lightning; the flash of lightning; cekundrava distant or
sheet lightning (i.e. without visible bolts, but the distant sky lights up)
cele (vt) to wait for, expect; cakacele be made to wait
(implied: for an excessive length of time, or because someone did not show up as
expected)
celi (colloq) see celiya
celici ~cilici electronic
celicur radio; umit... ~runjelicur to radio, use radio; colloq.
cicur
celikaçet television; runjelikaçet to televise s.t.(colloq.
runjikaçet); colloq. cika
celipin computer; colloq. cipin
celiçit telephone; umit... ~runjeliçit to telephone s.o.
(~colloq. ciçit, see also yamecit)
celiya ~ciliya electricity; ruwi ... (electric) current;
celiyaka(le) electric(al); (colloq.(n). celi,
(adj.)celika); caceliya ~cakaceli to get a shock;
cakorem... electrocuted (accid.)
celun window-screen (the metal or fibre mesh, but by ext. the entire item, with frame etc.); celunji sieve, strainer (kitchen utensil)
celuri telegraph; yasi... ~runjeluri to telegraph s.o. or s.t.;
colloq. curi
cemar 1. a plaza, public square; 2. any large open area (non-agric.) used or constructed for some purpose; note compds. cembranip playing field, cematruwin airport, airfield; 3. cemar puna the large yard or other area around a large mansion; cemaci the small yard around a house of ordinary size
ceneyu Ozone (O3)(<Gwr sharp+air)
cenget a large electrical spark or arc (usu.dangerous); amu cenget a live wire, visibly sparking (e.g. because broken or dislodged by a storm); ult. < cek+necu
cenjiyur a circular plaza; traffic-circle or roundabout
cepoci (colloq.) a paper cloth, tissue; see kacepoci
cero (colloq.) long pants/leggings; <acero
ceromik short pants, usu. worn for work; hapit is often used as
syn.
cetre (vi) to be married; ... yam be married to/with;
yucetre to marry/get married, ... yam id. to s.o.; runjetre
to marry off (a son or dau., implies an arranged marriage); kanjetre
(colloq. usu. cetre+poss.) spouse (M or F); life partner; anjetre
marriage-- ...umut civil, ...hañu religious
-ci suffix expressing diminutive or affection-- dear..., little...,
cute... etc.
cicak ~cikicak a sp. of small "lizard" (±18cm.) often found in
houses-- harmless, they eat insects
cici (colloq.) small bug, insect in genl.
cicim a knot (in string or rope); (as vb.) to knot, tie a knot; to sew
(~rucicim)
cicur (colloq.) radio, see celicur
cifañ any low-class or disreputable establishment (for drinking,
entertainment, etc.) (< Gwr chih mang dance hall)
cifes (vt) to herd (animals); kanjifes herder (see
çifes)
cifi ~cipi see çifi(ç)
cika (colloq.) television; see celikaçet
cikendiñ choker, torc (solid metallic neckband)
ciki (colloq.) to fry; (ciki) ciki fanan to sauté (fry+slow);
ciki lendup ~ciki-cingi to stir-fry (fry+stir; fry+toss); see
naciki
cikur sphere; cikukra(le) spherical; kunjikur hemisphere
cili 1000 li, the Cindu "kilometer" (= 1.1172km or .694mi.); the
"hybridized" pacili is common
cimaho quintillion (1018)
cimakoñ trillion (1012)
cimanji quadrillion (1015)
cimas the mouth
cimbris stairs, stairway
cimo see çimo
cindarinda the musical scale (ult.< çindar)
cindu Kash name for the planet on which they live (< Gwr tring
du 'dry land'); cinduka(le) pertaining to Cindu; tracindu
(lit. "not Cindu") in keyopor ... alien, extra-terrestrial (person)
cinek emissary, representative, go-between etc.; see also pracinek (< Gwr tsih
neq sent person
cinga (var. of cingar in sevl.compds., mostly colloq.; a human
obj. is in the acc.) cinga-canga(r) to throw stones at, pelt with stones;
cinga-sucup to throw mud at, (fig.) to sling mud (i.e. utter insults,
derogatory comments); cinga-trok (vulg.) to engage in a quick or
spur-of-the-moment sexual act; cinga-toye to throw money at, throw money
away on (e.g. a project); cinga cakorem ???; cinga-içun ~cingiçun look around (for s.o./s.t.); cacinga-içun look around anxiously, fearfully
cingar (vt) to throw- yacingar çenjiye piro he threw the ball
to Shenji; ...ri vunuwe çenji ...toward Shenji; cinga-cingar
throw s.t. at-- yacinga-cingar çenjiye piro he threw the ball at Shenji
[intending to hit him]
cingaracu (vi) to use pejorative language, ...liri to speak ill of, to " bad-mouth"; cacingaracu id. but stronger, to use foul language (<
cinga + contr. of kalaracu)
cini middle, mid-; cinini... the middle of...; anjini
center (as a precise point); cindero midday, noon; cinondre
midnight; cingunjo midway; (lero) cinjurak the unnumbered
mid-month day; e cini ~ e cikinda the Equator
cindikar (colloq. cindik) the waist (spec. of the human body),
ult. <.cini+eningar
ciñañol interstellar
ciñondi see çindiyon
ciñuki see çiñukat
ciñur round, of shape
cipem the Cindu "kilogram", 1000 pem (1.394kg., about 3 lbs.);
cipembrak the "metric ton" (1000 cipem, 1394kg., 3067lbs.); see also
pem, papem
cipetu the Cindu "litre", 1000 pem liquid (1.394 l., about 1-1/2 qt.);
colloq. an old (pre-metric) Kash term tomos is also used; see also
petu
cira hallway, passageway in a building
cis again, yet; cicis ~cisicis over and over
ciçit (colloq.) telephone; to phone; see also yamecit
civas (of fabrics, sheet-like materials) thin, sheer; transparent;
yucivas (of clothing) becoming thin/worn (by age or wear);
cakacivas (of fabrics, clothing) thin, worn or worn out in appearance
ciyaca herbivorous mammal sp. (various types/sizes) sim. to the kangaroo-- with long, stiff hair; moves mainly by hopping on its hind legs
ciyap (vt) to sting (of insects), bite (of some lizards); (fig., adj.)
stinging ~sharp (of a pain/sensation); cakaciyap to get stung; anjiyap
~ciyap(ni) an insect sting or bite; ciyapi the stinger of insects,
fang or other means by which a lizard stings; the proboscis of certain sucking
insects
ciyombot to exit, go/come out; depart (of anim., from a place);
anjiyombot exit, departure, e.g. anjiyombotni karun the departure
of the karun (from a place, or from office); a very formal-term-- more commonly
yombot q.v.
ciyon (vi) to seem, to appear; ciyonjiyon, ciyoñi, apparently,
seemingly; anjiyon appearance; kraciyon give the (false) illusion
of; deceive akraciyon (n) illusion, fantasy; delusion; runjiyon to
pretend, feign; cakraciyon delusional; psychotic
ciyundet to enter, go/come in (of anim., into a place);
anjiyundet entrance, arrival, e.g. anjiyundetni karun the
entrance/arrival of the karun; a formal term-- more commonly yundet q.v.
ciyur a circle; ri ciyundri... (colloq. ri cundri...)
(prep.) around; cakaciyur going around in circles, lost,
aimless; ciyukra(le) circular; kunjiyur semicircle; enjiyur
(q.v.) circumference; onjiyur (q.v.) pi (3.14159...); ciciyur to circle around s.t.; to be in or make a circle; anjiciyur (astr.) orbit, meciciyur (astr., tech.) vt., to orbit
coco onomat. for sucking at the breast; (nursery speech) to suckle--baby or mother may be subj. (syn. rupuso; (sexual slang) of a male, to give or receive oral sex
cocon (vi) to suspect-- ne icocon (liri añanguça) they
suspect him (of arson); micocon re yananjul toyeni we suspect he stole
the money; acocon suspicion; kecocon suspect (person suspected
of...); common colloq. form of açocon q.v.)
cokañu var. of trokañu
colos tendon, sinew; fig., bow-string; string(s) of a musical
instrument
coloçe useful plant sp., and the bean(s) thereof, sim. to soybean; see
also sucoloç
condre (colloq. < tayondre) tonight
conek office, place of business
coneyu Nitrogen (N)(<Gwr)
congo reeds, in genl., many spp.; (mus.) the reed(s) used in various
mus.instruments; conguri a reed pen, obs. but sometimes still used by
artists and calligraphers
conihin to be/get on top of s.t./s.o.; in wrestling, to pin one's opponent; caconihin fallen/pinned by s.t./s.o. on top of one (< cosa+nihin)
copin (vt) to go in search of, to go and get/fetch (ult.< cosa
filan); runjopin to send s.o. in search of/to fetch e.g
marunjopin minaye etengi yu I sent Mina to look for/get the book;
anjopin a quest, mission; (colloq.) (ana) copici ~copi ~coci an
employee or servant whose job is to run minor errands, a "gofer" (copi
often used as imper., "go get...~ bring ...." e.g. copi sawu(mi)
get/bring (me) some water; it is rather peremptory and a little impolite--
can be softened by prefacing turo)
cosa (vi) to go; (adj.) ago, gone by, past; yucosa get
underway, start out; runjosa send, export, dispatch; cakacós
(irreg.) to scram, scoot, get out fast (e.g from a dangerous or embarassing
situation); irreg. coç~coçá (interj.) go on! you're kidding! (mild
disbelief)
cosingota (obs., literary) of course, "it goes without saying"--mostly replace by singoti(ni)
cosir (vt) to obey; runjosir to subject, to dominate;
anjosir obedience; cakacosir be obsequious, a yes-man; kecosir a subject (s.o. subject to a superior), a subordinate; an employee (ult.related to sosir)
coyok complex, complicated; cakacoyok very complicated; be
puzzled, perplexed, at a loss; coyoyok a riddle, puzzle, enigma;
(añ)acon ... mixed feeling(s), of two minds (about...)
coyuk (<obs. coyungeyu) methane, natural gas (ult. <Gwr)
cucap (vi) soaked, wet; colloq. as vt syn. of caus.rucuçap;
runjucap to soak s.t., to immerse; (cooking) to marinate
cucifici ~cuci ~fici a twit, a silly, useless person, often applied to
the idle rich (< cuci ...? + (deformed) fitros 'paradise,
ecstasy')
cucut the hairs that grow from the ears of Kash; cucitu
(noticeable) tufts of hair on the tips of the ears of some Kash (rare,
considered odd but not unattractive)
cukin simple, plain; tracukin complex, complicated
cukuwa as long as, up to (with ref. to time, e.g. yale anju, lalu
anjetre kuna yasaño cukuwa(ni) sila lero sometimes, a wedding party may last
as long as 3 days; maturo, unayoka cukuwa re melo(to) please, stay as
long as you like (a colloq. form, but far more common than correct
anjukuwa)
cumate (usu.colloq. cumat) (med.) pill, capsule; ult.
<pacum+mate
cumet to move/change residence
cumicu shortly, soon, in a little while (see micu)
1. cun (temporal conj.) as..., while...
2. cun, cun-cun (imit.) grinding noise; anjun grist; kanjun grinder,
grinding wheel (but not a millstone) yanjun ground-up grain; meal, flour
(see also cangacun, enjun)
cundam rubber (latex); cundanji galoshes, rubber overshoes;
(slang) condom
cuni-cunik mortar and pestle; to use...; see also eyunjun,
ecunik
cunje a parka or anorak--worn in cold climates; usu. of Gwr manufacture (< Gwr chiwng-jey blanket-coat)
cunjun (vt) to grind up, pulverize
cupat obedient, correct in behavior; well-mannered, e.g. ana
... a "good" child; cupa-cupat ~cakacupat excessively so,
"goody-goody", a "bleeding-heart"
cupi ~ cupu (builders' slang) freshly mixed or freshly poured
concrete/ mortar/plaster; see sucup
cura to tell, narrate; cura-cura to tell a story;
cakacura (in story-telling/narrative) to ramble on, go off the subject,
digress; anjura storytelling, narration; runjura to recite, declaim; (gram.) to conjugate (verb), decline (noun); curani a story;
cura-curani story, esp.those of traditional nature; kanjura
narrator, storyteller; curaci generally harmless gossip, "little white
lies", "old wives' tales"; curaçu harmful/malicious gossip (by
implication, untrue)-- these last two often occur reduplicated: cura-curaci,
cura-curaçu: yakota (cura-)curaçu lirimi she's spreading stories about me.
curata (n., adj.) future, the future (contr. < anju rata,
which is also used formally); runjurata to postpone, to defer s.t. to a
later time; see also titruwat
curi (colloq.) telegraph, telegram; see celuri
curungayi the Circle of Life (religio-philosophical concept); ult.
< ciyur+angayi
cuta (vi,vt) to forget (obj. in gen. or dat/acc., different
connotations); cucuta forgetful; cakacuta ~cakacút (dat.)
absent-minded, very forgetful; (nom.) to slip one's mind; anjuta
forgetfulness; hanjuta amnesia
See also the Supplement
Ñ (Seventh letter of hakanga, called ña, the palatal
nasal, IPA [ɲ], X-SAMPA [J]
or, as here, [ñ])
ñaka a railroad car, in genl.; (dial., a cart or wagon);
...numba (railroad) passenger car, ...nahan dining car;
...nuwar sleeping car; ...kanda freight car; ñakaçaka (railroad) locomotive, engine
ñakace (colloq.) the crotch, of humans; see also eniyak
ñakanga taxicab, public car (with driver) for hire
(ñaki+hanga)
ñaki "car" (usu., a small, electric-powered vehicle seating 2-4
people); ñakirak large bus or tram (colloq. ñakrak ~ñakra);
ñakrece ~kreci train, railroad; ñaki lato ~latongi a jitney
cab/bus (no particular route, often unlicensed); see also keñaki
ñako flaccid, limp; slack (syn. tramirum)
ñakrece railroad, train (ult. < ñaki+sakrece)
ñakut (colloq.) in larger cities, public ñaki (without
driver) available for short-term use; a rental car
ñamita the rise (height) of a stairstep, the riser (colloq.
ñanda)
ñanak to scratch (an itch)
ñange wood; wooden (a colloq. form that, along with hange, has
replaced hañange in all but the most formal contexts)
ñanik to comb/brush the fur; ñaniki ~eñanik a comb/brush for
the fur; ñanikici (colloq. nikici toothbrush
ñanjam fruit jellies
ñañañ (vi) to chatter, to natter, run on
ñar (vi) to roar-- the Kaç do this at times of great emotion (bears
the stress in derivs.)
ñaçak shaky/shaking, trembling; çuñaçak becoming so;
ruñaçak to shake s.t., make s.t. tremble; cakañaçak overcome by
shaking/trembling, nervous tics etc.; ñaçaçak loose, wobbly, i.e. not
firm in its place, e.g. a tooth, a fastener, a garment, a ring; (irr.)
yucacak getting/coming loose (but not yet fallen out/off); rucacak
shake/wiggle s.t. so as to loosen it; ñaçakinda earthquake
ñaw(uo)ñ ~ñuñ (onomat.) the sound made by the kusimi and other small
Cousins (equiv. to "meow")
ñelur (vt) to weave; (as adj.) woven; kañelur weaver;
aprañelur loom; ñeñelur (vi) to take turns, to alternate
ñemba ally (in war, obs.), partner, co-worker; trañemba enemy
(in war, obs.)
ñera wall (generally of a house or building) (see also hafa);
ñeraka a (large) wall, for defense or to mark a boundary.
ñeva wrong, mistaken; mepu... ~yuñeva to make a mistake;
ruñeva to falsify; cakañeva totally wrong, mistaken, "way
off-base"
ñimu (colloq.) a drink, s.t. to drink (for añimu <
imu); ñimbuhi (more common colloq. ñimbuwi) (alcoholic)
liquor, in genl.
ñiñiñ (vi) to whine
ñokinda peninsula (ult. <niyon+hinda) (larger than
kanakinda)
ñondroçe a bay, large inlet (ult. <niyon+roçe)
ñondru galaxy; ñondruka galactic; ciñondruka intergalactic (< Gwr nyr
du star land/country)
ñoni (vt) to try, to test s.t.; to check for mistakes; cakañoni
to nit-pick, quibble over details; ñonomer a legal trial; see also
krañoni
ñoñat (vt) to taste, sample s.t. (ult. < ñoni+uñat)
ñoros to be/feel relieved (of one's worries); añoros medium">relief; cakañoros greatly relieved, to "breathe a sigh of relief"
ñowañ (vi) to moan, groan (from pain, effort, complaint)
ñukace (colloq.) the ankle; see lahu
ñukar to arrange, set up (e.g. a meeting, appointment); añukar an appoinment
ñukat the wrist (ult. <yukat)
ñumuñ to hum, drone (e.g. a motor, chanting, a swarm of insects)
ñungop see ñuña
ñuña sap/resin of trees or plants; ñuñasu spec., runny or liquid sap; ñuñangop ~ñungop spec., viscous or sticky sap/resin (thanks to Dirk Elzinga)
ñuñuñ (vi) to mutter, grumble
ñupit (vi, ...liri) accustomed (to), in the habit of; (as adj.)
usual; customary, expected; ñupindi usually; (irreg.) çukupit
(liri...) become/get accustomed to; ruñupit to tame; accustom s.o. to
s.t.; añupit custom, habit, practice; añañupit customs (e.g. of a
people); (as adj.) cultural; trañupit unusual, uncommon, unexpected, out of the ordinary;
krañupit bad/harmful habit, addiction. See also upit
ñuprum see neyuprum
ñurun (vt) to put, to place; to locate (i.e. put
s.t. in/at/on a place); (as vi) to be situated/located at/on...;
añurun ~ñuruñi location; (colloq.)
..."where s.t. is" as ta makaya ñuruñi puluma
I don't know where Puluna [a Gwr nation] is; in this sense, even more
colloq. and somewhat substandard, yurundi ~nurundi as, aka
nurundi? where's it at?
ñuçiyu weather, in genl.; (informal) climate, the genl. weather of a region; in compds. ñuçu- e.g. ñuçurakop (difficult=) bad weather/climate, ñuçutata (easy=) good weather/climate (< Gwr nyu shwi); see also yaval
ñuçuket (med.) hypodermic needle, and by ext., an injection; as vb.,
to inject, to give an injection (ult. <ñuçup+hendo)
ñuçup a needle
ñutu (math.) square root, e.g. ñutu ha yale ro the square
root of 4 is 2; ñutu-sit/ha...etc., cube/fourth etc. root, e.g.
ñutu-hani 256 yale 4 the fourth root of 256 is 4; see also matu
ñuwanji a swing (for children)
See also the Supplement
Y (Eighth letter of hakanga, called ya, a palatal
approximant/semivowel, IPA [j])
yahan time (in the abstract sense)
yake any upright pole/post-- e.g. mast of a ship, flag-pole, main
posts of a house
yakiñ fulcrum (of a lever); see also yayas, eyas (old Gwr
yas king)
yala (colloq. for eyala) a drinking-glass (many speakers use
eyala for the container, yala for a quantity, e.g. eyala
poren wine-glass, yala poren a glass of wine); yalambik,
yala-yala, yalaci, yalambici ~yalapici ~lalapici drinks (in genl.) as a
social occasion; cocktails/drinks before dinner; (as vb., esp. yalaci) to
have..., arami... let's have..., let's get together for...; ...
lus after-dinner drinks (liqueurs etc.). NB yalambik is the most
formal-- e.g. in a written invitation--, the others more common in speech
yalakat the windshielf (glass or plastic) of a vehicle (<. yala+kandi)
yalalap (~lalap) the smaller of Cindu's two moons
(~tandulap < tandi+ulap)
yale there is/are; yes (see ale)
1. yam (prep., +acc.) comitative with; (math.) plus, in
addition
2. yam a thin noodle usu. used in soups
yama (vi) to run; munuk... to race against, run a race;
añama a race; kañama a runner, racer; cakayama (alo...) run
away, flee, take to flight (from...), take to one's heels, "skedaddle"
yamakep to have sexual intercourse (polite, sci.term, see also
vakep)
yamam a sofa, couch, divan; yamacangan daybed, chaise-longue
(for reclining on)
yamana (colloq.) pregnant (of humans) see also kalar
yambit (prep., +acc.) by means of, with (instrumental) <
yam+umit
yambren (vi) to shout, yell; yayambren (also colloq.
yayap) to scream
yambu (... re) it is permitted to/that... (contr.
<iyambu); see ambu
yamen (vi) to call, summon, call out to s.o.; yamecit to
call/make a call on the telephone
yamét (slang) all gone! all done! that's all! (cf. mende)
yamir ~yami colloq. vars. of eyamir ice; yami
cami a popular drink of blended fruit, ice, "milk"
yamun (vt,vi) to weed, pull weeds; fig., to weed out, remove unwanted things from a group; ruñamun to extirpate, wipe out, eliminate (obs. refers to the ancient practice of killing all family members of certain criminals, e.g. traitors); cakayamun extirpated, wiped out, totalled eliminated; by ext., completely free of-- e.g. a disease, or an unwanted relationship or obligation
yanatros the largest island of Cindu, where the Federated States,
including Holunda Velu, are located
yanda the negative imperative, do not
yanga (n.anim.) wind; çuyanga becoming windy; yanjakrum
typhoon, hurricane; cakayanga (naut.) blown off course; of a
building/tree etc., blown over/down; yangaci a breeze, gentle wind;
yangaraka strong wind, gale;
yanji (vi) to be burnt, charred (if of food, inedibly so);
hayanji seared, browned, of food; rukayanji to sear or brown
(food)
yanjum thick, viscous; çuyanjum become thick, coagulate, gel;
ruñanjum to thicken s.t.
yanjun ground-up grain; meal, flour (< older eyanjun); see
cun
yañañ ~cayañañ to gossip (see yayañ)
yara plant spp. similar to alium spp. (~onion/garlic etc.)
yaro a lake; yarombik a small lake, pond; yaropi a small
pool/puddle (e.g. of rainwater, spilled liquid, etc.)
yasi (vt) to send, send out (e.g. a message or call); to emit
yaval (sci.) climate, see also ñuçiyu
yavu to guard, watch over; to be on guard; keyavu guard,
sentinel; kañavumut (colloq. kañuti) police, "public guardians";
yavu-yavu to be alert, vigilant, on one's guard
yawundu ~yundu oil (petroleum) (ult. < Gwr)
yawungos (pron.[jaúNgos ~ jáwNgos]) a large ungulate/ruminant native
to northern Nocaniki-- sim. to the moose, considered dull-witted and comical in
appearance; the horns are used to make decorative objects, handles, etc. (< a
Gwr lg. yalgəs, BD yaw gÿh)
yayañ (vi)(colloq.) to chat, converse informally; see also yañañ,
kocañ
yayap to scream (see yambren) ~cakayayap ~cakayáp id.
yayas pry up/move with a lever (old Gwr yas); see yakiñ,
eyas
yembek narrow, tight; conservative in one's social or political views
yembraput (colloq. yembrut) preserved fruits (candied, dried,
or as jam)
yembuk counter-clockwise (ult. < compd. rotate+left)
yemo fruit, in general; yemowak id. (<...+ange)
yendren (vi) to rotate, spin (on an axis); ruñendren (vt) to
rotate, spin; añendren rotation; cakayendren spinning wildly, out
of control; see also vupin, eyet
yenekap clockwise (ult. < compd. rotate+right)
yeñe see eñe
yeñet ~cayeñet dizzy, to feel one's head spinning
yetaci ~yetro bicycle
yohan (vi) vanish, disappear; ruñohan to banish, eliminate;
añohan disappearance; cakayohan to vanish, get lost inexplicably
yole (vt) to measure; (of clothing, shoes, etc.) size, e.g. yole
sana size 9; añole ~yole + poss measurement, size; capacity; see
eyole, çiñole (sub çim)
yoleci(k) (colloq.) a key; see olek
yombeci an edible fungus that grows on rotting wood, compost etc.,
after its resemblance to the penis (ult. <yoñ+penjeñ)
yombot (colloq. but much more common than correct ciyombot) to
exit, go/come out of (of anim., from a place); (as n.) exit, departure (from a
place); exit, way out; typically as a sign, "exit"; çuyombot to be on
one's way out, heading out of a place-- maçuyombot(po) (colloq.
maçombot(po)) I was just leaving ~just on my way out...; ruñombot
to send s.o. out, to dismiss, expel from a place; cakayombot beat a hasty
retreat, get out of somewhere fast; skip out, (mil.) go AWOL; yombo(ka)
go, go away, you may go, you're dismissed
yomom the foundation of a building; (fig.) basis, foundation; (math.)
base, e.g. yomopán base-8, yomondró base-2, binary; yomom
vorasit base of a triangle; (yomom) yomongota (gram.) the base form of a noun or verb, e.g. kandri yomongotani kota ambakranaç? what is the base-form of the word ambakranaç?; (<older e+omom)
yoñ (n. anim.) the male's penis, the most genl. term, permissible
though usu. avoided in polite speech; NB irreg.acc. yoñin, and
yoñi- with poss. sfx.; generally avoided are: yoyoñ ~ yoñoñ id.,
~yondrak id. esp. if larger than normal (boastful, perh. ironic, or
insulting equiv. to "he's/you're a prick") (comp. yoñ+raka);
~yonji with dim. -ci (usu. a nursery term)
yosu a plant sp. native to Yanatros, both domestic and wild, whose
tuber can be processed into an edible, starchy paste. It is a staple in some
Lañ-lañ areas, but more often resorted to-- there as well as in isolated Kash
areas-- in emergencies. Urbanized Kash regard it as a curiosity. (A rare loan
< Prevli yotus ~yotsu)
yoteñ "mayor", chief official, usu. elected, of a town/city;
añoteñ city hall; ...umut id., or any municipal building
(sometimes dim., añotenji umut)
yu- ~yuk- form of the inchoative pfx used before initial c, ç,
s, or if the base contains c, ç, and irreg. with a few forms (ult.
<yukar and see also çu- ~çuk-)
yuka the liver
yukar (vi) to become; çuyukar (vi) to develop, turn out...; ruñukar (vt) to develop; cakayukar highly developed; civilized; añayukar civilization; (irreg.) acukar development; NB the inchoative prefixes çu- ~çu(k)- and yu- ~yuk- are ult.derived from this; yuka-yukar (vi) to happen,
take place; ~yukandri it happens that, it so happens..; ta yukar
(colloq.) didn't happen, didn't come off, fell through e.g. soroñi ...
the sale fell through; sisisamim ... our (love) affair didn't work
out.
yukat (vi) to turn over, roll over; ruñukat to turn s.t. over;
see ñukat, eyukat
yukranda a dock, pier; colloq. kranda (ult. <handa)
yukriçece smithy, forge; see also kivuçece,
akangece
yukruça fireplace, hearth (yurun+huça)
yula the heart (anat. and fig.)
yumbit tool(s), in genl.; in compds. usu. contracted to pi-;
ult. < umit
yumbrandil a clearing in the forest (whether natural or created)
yumbris stair-step in genl.; specifically, the tread
yumbrolu factory (see volu)
yumbu empty; çukumbu emptying out, becoming empty;
ruñumbu to empty s.t., to drain s.t.; ruñumbu laca to clear a table (after the meal); REFL+ruñumbu (of people) to remove o.s. from a place, depart, clear out (neutral connotations); nom.+ cakañumbu id., but implies speed or urgency, perhaps that the place/situation is unpleasant/dangerous in some way; añumbu drain, sewer;
cakumbu (emotionally) empty, drained; (physically) drained, exhausted
from great effort; also lit., to drain suddenly (implied: catastrophically),
e.g. a container that has been punctured, the water behind a dam that has
collapsed
yumburi hiding place; an animal's den/lair
yumelo (inch.) to agree to; yumelo-melo to volunteer
(...liri ...for; ...re ...to (do...)); NB an irreg. formation
<melo
yunda always; yunda-yunda (colloq.) (pre-vb.) always (emph.),
forever; (post-vb., often somewhat pejor.) constantly; e.g. ; ...minimbur
ini we will remember him forever; yanahan... he eats constantly
yundet (colloq. but much more common than ciyundet) to enter,
go/come in (of anim., into a place); (as n.) entrance into ~arrival at (a
place); entryway; typically as a sign "enter here"; çuyundet to be on
one's way in..., head toward/into a place; ruñundet to send s.o. into (a
place), tell s.o. to go/come in; to receive (a visitor); cakayundet (of a
place) intruded upon, gotten into, e.g. punamim ... kusimiyi a kusimi got
into our house ~our house was invaded by a kusimi; yunde(ka) come in!
yundombrut the lowest court of justice that handles
minor, usu.local, civil infractions; the magistrate is licensed but
need not be trained in law-- sim. to a US justice of the peace
(contr. < priyundomer+umut)
yundrahan restaurant (see also pundahan-- in genl. usage,
yundrahan connotes a less elegant place)
yundrami kitchen (yurun+nami)
yundran the mouth
yundu oil (common variant of yawundu)
yunek (vt) to save, rescue (syn. rundeyal <leyal)
yungat boil, seethe; (at a) rolling boil
yuni (properly iyuni) something, (neg.) anything
yunjaki a garage (where vehicles are kept) (ult. <. yurun+ñaki)
yunjun (n.) a mill where grain is ground; (adj/vi) milled, ground;
ruñunjun (vt) to mill; keçunjun miller, owner or operator of such
a mill
yunjupor a cess-pool or septic system (usu. for a single house or small community); yunjuporaka sewage-disposal plant/facility (in most towns); irreg. < eçupor
yuno (preposed) all, all of; (postposed) whole, entire;
yuno-yuno completely, totally; yuno-yunoç all things, everything;
(colloq.) yunoni all of it/them; everything, note also yunomim, yunohi all of us, all of you
yuñurun everywhere
yupracu the shoulder
yurana the womb (see also umal)
yuri a letter of the hakanga e.g. yurihá, yuriyamba,
yuriyoni (< older e+uri, see uri)
yurun place, location (see also eyurun)
yurupun an egg-laying burrowing animal, sim.to a mole but larger-- 25-30cm.in length; their skin can be processed to a soft suede-like leather for small luxury items (purses, slippers, gloves)
yuçak to vomit; çuyuçak to be/feel about to vomit;
añuçak (n.) vomit; (irreg.) cakuçak vomit suddenly, explosively
yuçom destiny, fate (< older e+uçom)
yutrama temple, place of relig.worship (ult.
<yurun+olama); see also areyal
yutroci a small coin-purse or wallet, spec. for carrying money (more
colloq., troci)
yutru a sink, wash-basin (ult. < yurun+su~sawu)
yuyañ to sway, swing from side to side; ruñuyañ cause s.t.
to...; añuyañ swaying motion; see also ñuwanji, kañuwañ
See also the Supplement
S (Ninth letter of hakanga, called sa, a voiceless
alveolar fricative, IPA [s])
sacal the elbow
sakrece (iron) rail, guide-rail, of a railway (ult. <
saren+hece); sakremés monorail (colloq. krenji)
sakur (vt) to swallow; casakur swallow the wrong way, choke on
s.t.; katakur the throat
samar common, ordinary; popular; kesamar the common people
sambat so much, so..; sam- in some compds.; (n.) atambat
quantity; samba-sambat in great quantity; cakasambat to excess
samboli slang term for a male Kash of "average" (1.8 li) height (see
also kemboli)
samos salt; katamos ~rupat ... to preserve (food) by salting;
sasamos salty; samosa(le) (med.) saline; samosni ~atamos
salinity; susamos salt-water, sea-water
sana (~ san) the number nine; the short form bears the stress, e.g.
folasán
sanjañ (vi) to be aware of, to realize, understand (that....); see
also tanjañ
sanje necessary; atanje necessity, requirement; ta...
unnecessary (NB: trasanje also occurs in this sense, but is usu.
avoided because of slang mepu... to masturbate); see also pita
sanjeli frequency e.g. of radio (< saña+celi
sanjuñ (vi) to go/do marketing, spec. for food; to forage for food (of
animals; or humorous of people)
sañ thus, so, in this/that way; sandipo just so, exactly so; sasandipo anyway, in any case
saña mark, sign; indicator/indication of s.t.; (comml., syn.
aran) brand, brand-name; logo; mepu... ri to make a mark on, to mark
s.t.; cakasaña defaced by markings, graffiti etc.
saño (vi) to endure, to last
sapar morning (from sunrise to midday); sapa-sapar early in the morning; cf. sapat
sapat tomorrow; sapamés day after tomorrow
(sapat+mesa)
saren (vt) to lead, guide; ataren guidance; añataren (guiding) principle; kataren leader, guide; çutaren (liri...) to take the lead, e.g. in a race, discussion, etc.; take command
of, e.g. a disorganized situation; sarengaya to educate, to bring up (a
child) properly; (as adj.) well-brought-up; (irreg.) atrengaya education,
proper child-rearing; see also ketaren
sásakaç a semi-mythical, mysterious creature of humanoid form, larger
than a Kash, believed to live in the far reaches of the forests/jungles;
although the word appears to be a neuter plural, it is in fact animate and
singular); they also figure prominently in Gwr mythology, where they are
considered vicious (modern BD sah ka shi-- sah of uncertain mng); clearly
a loanword, but whether Gwr > Kash or vice versa is uncertain; note the
anomalous stress) It may derive from (obs.) sasar+kaç-- see sasar
sasar (arch., obs.) (vt, vi) abandoned/exposed in the forest (of an
unwanted child); to so abandon a child; ana sasar ~...cakasasar an
abandoned/exposed child; akrasasar child exposure, the ancient practice
of...; these words are hardly used now, they have very negative connotations;
sasar is sometimes popularly used for hañusasar, q.v.
sasawu (vt) to wash, rinse (the face or hands, esp. before/after
eating) (< sawu); see also toçin, tenge
sata simple, easy (see also tata)
sawu water (in compds. su-); çusawu to become liquid, liquefy; rutawu to liquefy s.t.; cakasawu (vi) to drown; of a boat, to sink; (irreg.) runjasawu to drown s.o.; of a boat, to scuttle (sink deliberately); susamos salt (sea) water; susandrak brine, very salty water; suçeyak pickling liquid (brine, vinegar); suwañat a liquid marinade for food (see añat);
sumahas fresh/potable water; compd. with names of fruits, juice (of)...; sawu kandipo!
(idiom.) wash your hands first! (before doing s.t.; cf. sasawu); see also suvaka
selim the edge, rim of s.t.; the eaves of a house; selicu the
gutter of a street; gutter(s) on the eaves of a house (properly selicu
fundoñ); selimbroç (sea)coast
sema (vt) to rent, e.g. masema puna tayu alo sim tolotiyi I
rent this house from Mr. Toloti; atema a lease; rutema to
rent/lease out, e.g. sim toloti me yarutema puna tayu Mr. Toloti
rents/leases this house to me; (to)sema (n.) rent (money); icisema,
trokisema (vulg.) a prostitute
senda (inv. aux.) marks progressive or ongoing action, be...ing
sende language; sesende dialect; sendeka(le) pertaining
to language, linguistic; andesende linguistics, philology
sesep (vt, vi) to chop (mainly of food); chopped, chopped up;
etesep device for chopping food
sila (irreg. ~sit) the number three; the short form bears the
stress, e.g. folasít
simbi general term of respectful address to a male, "sir" (esp. if the
man is a stranger, as, a sales-clerk to a customer); sim + surname Mr...;
(simbi for 'you' in direct address is very formal); simbi-lumbi
"ladies and gentlemen..."
simbit a male servant, in genl.; see also lumbit
simon the taste of s.t., flavor
sina in proper names, third child-- properly used only by royal and
aristocratic families, but often affected by the nouveaux-riches; ult.
<sila (ana)
sinambrok an old man--somewhat disrespectful, but less so than çambrocu
singap archer's bow; atingap archery; katingap archer; also, the name of a constellation; see also tingap
singir to dun for money; katingir bill-collector;
cakasingir (hum.) pursued by bill-collectors; (inanim.) repossessed;
kacingi (colloq.) ?repo-man?, bill-collector
singoti(-ni) of course, naturally (common colloq. < cosingota q.v.)
sininji young man (generally, from puberty into young adulthood or
marriage); siniñ term of address to such a young man (~sinji, more
familiar)
sinis furtive; lurk, lie in wait for; sini-sinis to
sneak/slink, move furtively; atinis ambush, sneak attack; mepu...
to ambush; cakatinis (usu.mil.) caught in an ambush, taken by surprise
sinut male (of hum.); manly, masculine; (gram.) masculine (gender);
see also kaçút
sipu concave, indented; atipu a dent; rutipu to dent
s.t.; (irreg. base tipu) cakatipu badly dented (object); sunken
(of parts of the human body, e.g. cheeks, stomach, chest); tipile a
ditch, channel (man-made, <tipu+ile); tipile sawu a (small) irrigation canal or channel; ditch for drainage or other purposes; tipurak ravine, crevice
(natural); crack in a natural object (e.g. a rock or tree); tipularak
chasm, abyss, canyon
sisa (vt) to love; (n) lover; love; (adj.) loved, beloved; loving;
e ... love (in the abstract); çusisa to fall in love;
cakasisa to love obsessively, be smitten, besotted; katisa
connoisseur, one who loves/appreciates s.t.; sisisa (love) affair; sisaci affectionate; casisaci overly (annoyingly) affectionate, fawning over; with object (...liri) to " be all over s.o." (dat.subj.) be the object of unwanted affection
sisit (vi,vt) scratched; to scratch (damage to an object), make
scratch marks on s.t.; rutisit to engrave, to etch; cakasisit (of
an object) to get scratched, damaged by scratches; uri-sisit ~urisit to
write badly, illegibl; to scrawl
sit (onomat.) the sound of scratching; sit-sit ~mepu sit to
make such a sound, e.g. kanguni yamepu sit-sit his pen went
'scratch-scratch'; yasit-sit ri çumbuna he scratched at the window
soket dense, thick (of the fur); (of wind, rain, snowfall etc.) hard,
thick, intense; (fig.) intense, intensive(ly); çusoket becoming so/moreso
(esp. of the fur in cold weather); casoket (esp. of the fur) overly dense
to the point of discomfort-- this may occur during the wet season, due to
humidity
solas (mus.) note, tone
sombrak a large machete, bolo-knife (cf. sovare, velas)
sondot ceremony or celebration of a non-relig. nature, party (more
formal/organized than lalu), e.g. sondot puna; sondot lekramon (colloq. sondopuna, sondokramon house-warming; birthday party
sonjep treadmill; fig., any boring or repetitious task; the
"rat-race", the "daily grind"; (obs.) a human- or animal-powered device for
drawing water, milling grain, etc.; see kratonjep
sor (~sot) the number seven; the short form bears the stress, e.g.
folasót
sorom (vt) to sell; rutorom put up for sale, offer for sale;
atorom (n.) sale; katorom seller; soroñamen to auction; an
auction sale; (irr.) kesoñamen auctioneer; trasorom (fin.) to sell
short-- in trader's jargon trasó; (ka)pisorom (fin.) an option to
sell, a put-option; katorom lato (colloq. trondato)
traveling salesman (~katorom itre id. but somewhat pej.)
sosir (vt) to hear; atosir ~sosir+poss. (sense of) hearing;
pososir audible; trapososir deaf (syn. çuku); (with inanim.
subj.) inaudible; rutosir to order s.o.; trasosir to ignore, pay
no attention to; catrasosir usu. said of s.o. who pays no attention to
advice, goes his own (often wrong) way; disobedient, wrong-headed; see also sotin
sotin (vt, vi) to listen; listen to; sosotin listen carefully, pay attention (to s.t. one is hearing); rutotin to inform s.o., report s.t. (verbally); sotimbis(i) to eavesdrop (on); atotin a verbal statement, report, declaration; (legal) testimony; katotin a listener (more common in the irreg.colloq.plur. totila listeners, audience); cf. sosir
sotrelo the seven-day week; colloq. trelo (irreg. <
sot+lero)
sotu a street-vendor, peddler (of food, small items, services etc.);
syn. kenandu see nandu
sovare a sword; large blade, in genl.; sovandivek (arch.)
longsword, an ancient battle weapon; see also sombrak
sovo coarse (texture); ...ni coarseness, roughness, of
surface/texture; çusovo to chafe, be chafed; rutovo to abrade,
roughen a surface
soyom fragrant; to smell good; atoyom ~soyoñi fragrance, (good)
scent; susoyom perfume, cologne (see also suwaves)
suca (back-form <sucami 'sweet water) soft drinks, usu.
fruit-flavored, non-carbonated
sucimas saliva (< sawu+cimas); see also sukran
suciyoñ (colloq. sucoñ) lotion (various types) sometimes used
after bathing to make the fur soft and glossy
sucoloç a milk-like (food) product derived from coloçe beans
sucup mud; as vi, muddy; çusucup becoming muddy (e.g. roads in
the rainy season, fields after a hard rain); casucup spattered/ fouled
with mud; of children, to play in mud (cf. sunju); in the building
trade, sucup ~cupi ~cupu freshly mixed or freshly poured concrete/mortar
sufa mute, unable to speak
sukekevu (colloq. sukevu) a nectar/honey-like product of the
kekevu (insect)
sukran (n.) drool, saliva dripping from the mouth (of hum. or anim.);
(vi) to drool; casukran (hum.) to drool, salivate, "water at the mouth"
in anticipation of food or other pleasure
sukret bile (< sawu+kret)
sukuku (properly sukungur 'fizzy water') carbonated water or
soft drinks
sukuni (n.) paint, in genl.; atukuni (colloq.tukuni) a
painting (picture); (irreg.) runguni to paint s.t., in genl.(of buildings
etc., not pictures); kenguni painter (of buildings etc.-- not pictures)
sul a small pond-- usu. man-made, decorative, such as one might have
in a garden
sumbak a gesture of respectful greeting-- both hands crossed over the
heart; sumbaci a less formal version, with the right hand only; see also
supaka
sumbiçi urine (sawu+miçi)
sumbul to rise, ascend esp. of heavenly bodies or smoke; (of incense,
prayers, the spirit- generally a religious term, rather archaic); ... kungula ascend to the throne;
... tandi/vuruna/lalap moonrise; esumbul sunrise;
sumik to crawl, of insects, or of infants/adults (on hands and knees);
sumi-sumik (of insects) to crawl/swarm all over s.t./s.o.;
cakasumik (dat.) experiencing such a feeling; (nom.) infested with
crawling insects
sumuso breast-milk, mother's milk
sunecu a jet (forceful outflow of water, liquid); a (decorative)
fountain; (as vb) of water, liquids, to jet out, to spurt/squirt out;
casunecu id. but accidentally, or so as to create a mess
sunju earth, soil; supengop clay
sungar bed (i.e. frame and mattress); see also eçangan
sunono sperm, male seed
supaka a formal bow, obeisance (a curtsy-like motion or, (very formal)
genuflection; the -a drops in the sing. case forms); mepu/vele...
to do so; see also sumbak
supat(ni) too much, too many; e.g. yanahan supat(ni) he ate
too much; supatni samos too much salt; supatni cici(ç) too
many bugs
supengop clay, clay-ey soil (see also oro)
supit special; susupitni especially
supruna the (fem.) Spirit of the moon Vuruna, benign (< susa
vuruna 'sister ...')
surañ mountain; susurañ mountain range; surakuça~sukruça
volcano; surambik hill; sutrica cliff
(ult.<surañ+lica); sutrivek escarpment (ult.
<sutrica+livek); surambut mesa, butte; ana surañ
foothills of a mountain range
susa (~susaci, susale) a term of affection used among women (implies a
very close, [and esp. susale] perhaps sexual, relationship)
(susale ult. <susa leñ)
susu sauce; susundamos a salty sauce for flavoring, sim.to soy
sauce or nam pla; susumbara a black sauce used as both flavoring
and food-coloring
susuri (colloq. suri) ink
suçeyak vinegar (sawu+çeyak)
suçó (slang) woman, gal-- acceptable in very informal speech, but
considered impolite by many. See also suya, suyó and comments sub
kaçó (Originally, suçó was the pejor., suyó the more
acceptable, but the mngs. changed by analogy with kaçó ~kayó)
sut too..., excessively...; see supat
sutek (colloq. tutek) to suggest, hint; susutek to
imply; suggestive; atutek suggestion; krasutek innuendo;
kota... to say/make innuendos, imply s.t. negative about s.o.
sutumar drug(s) in genl. (< su- + var. tumbra)
sutuwi plain/clear broth (sawu+tuwi)
suvaka (vi, adj.) (be) underwater; çuvaka (vi) to submerge, go underwater; rutuvaka to submerge s.t.
suvondo (med.) a muscle relaxant drug, originally a plant derivative, now synthesized (vondo q.v.)
suvuk messy; (as n.) a mess, state of disorder; susuvuk
cluttered; rutuvuk to botch/make a mess of s.t., to ruin s.t.;
cakasuvuk in a total mess, complete disorder; katuvuk (colloq.
tuvuki, pejor. tuvucuk ~vucuk (1) a messy person, a slob; (2) s.o.
who can't do anything right, who tends to make a mess of things, botch
everything
suwambrok an old woman (somewhat disrespectful but less so than çuwambrocu)
suwaves perfume, cologne (< sawu+aves); syn.
susoyom
suwenik sweat; to sweat (ult. <sawu+eningar); (irreg.)
suwendik sweaty (both damp with sweat and smelling of
sweat); casuwendik extremely sweaty; to work up a sweat, to break
out sweating
suya sister; also, a polite but friendly form of address (often
suyá) to adult women whose status is unknown; suyama aunt
(FaSi), suwinde aunt (MoSi); añasuya sisterhood-- both in the
sense of an organization or close-knit group, and of "feminism"; see also
susa, suçó, suyó
suyó (slang) a disrespectful term for "woman"-- "gal, broad, dame"
(irreg. neut. pl. suyóç)-- see comments sub suçó, kayó; cf also
suya
See also the Supplement
T (Tenth letter of hakanga, called ta, voiceless to
semi-voiced denti-alveolar stop, IPA [t].)
ta (tak before vowels) not
tacañ (vi) to mean to, intend; andacañ ~tacañi meaning,
interpretation; intention; plan; (lex.) definition; rundacañ to
define, to interpret/analyze s.t.; tratacañ meaningless, pointless;
colloq. catracañ 'it doesn't make any sense!'; see also sanjañ,
tanjañ
taci (affect.) grandfather (see tanji, otama)
tafum (vi) to explode; rundafum to explode s.t., fire/set off
(a gun)
tahan- common contraction of andahan with ref. to prepared
dishes; tahanji a dish/preparation of food, e.g. tahanji lepes "lopa
rilele" a dish called "lopa in the garden" tahambik (~tambik)
appetizer(s), hors d'oeuvres; tahañom (~tañom) main course, main dish;
tahanjami (~tanjami, also tahandus) dessert
taka-taka (colloq.) oh well; never mind (ult. <takanda)
takale (lit., not be) extinct, no longer in existence; çutakale
near extinction, dying out, endangered (e.g. a species); rundakale to
annihilate, destroy; catakale annihilated, obliterated, wiped out;
andakale extinction
takan a rocket (as motive force); aposi katan rocket ship; from the Galactic language ktan
takanda (conj.) nevertheless, notwithstanding, regardless
takas (slang) the buttocks, butt, rear end, ass; takaraka (hum. or pej.) "big butt"
taken (vi) to point; kandaken the index finger; andaken
a sign-board, traffic sign, pointer (cf. also tangen)
takiki (as a rather abrupt reply) "(I have) no idea"; also as ta (me, te, ne etc.) kiki I/you/he etc. have no idea, is completely unaware (may take tenses)
takoci (colloq. koci) a drinking-cup; see also tangole,
koci
takomik (med.) cartilage; (of meats etc.) gristle
takrivus clumsy, inept (see hivus); kandakrivus a
clumsy/inept person or workman; a klutz; see also trivus, orig.a colloq.
var.
takrocit (vt) to translate (ult.irreg. < takron+çindi)
takron (vt) to change, alter s.t.
taku(k) awake; taku-takuk wide-awake, alert; "on the ball";
çutaku (vi) awaken, wake up; rundaku to awaken s.o.;
catakuk suffer from insomnia; kandaku (nobility) a gentleman's
personal sevant, valet
tala a small tack/nail, e.g. a carpet-tack, thumb-tack, brad
talap ~talambi (colloq.) no longer..., not...anymore (< ta lavi(ni) which is also common)
tale var. of ta yale there is not..., mostly colloq.
talorana unlike (<tar+orana, q.v.)
talunda never (<ta+lunda); ayi, talunda(po)
'well, I never!'; in certain cases, ever: e.g.'Have you ever heard anything so
silly!?' or, 'I wonder if I'll ever see her again?' (negative ans. expected)
tam ~tamatám (onomat.) the sound of a drum; ~tum, tom id., but
lower or louder; see also tandam, tatam
tama (fin.) equity; share (of stock); ult. <lama
tambes breakfast; as vb., either pfx+... or yale
...+poss. to have/eat breakfast
tambo in tambo... (i) eme... not only...but also...
tambok magnificent, impressive, imposing (< Gwr taw baw
tambro (mil., vi) to march; rundambro (vt) to march (e.g.
troops); andambro (n.) a march (e.g. by troops); a musical composition in
march-time
tambranipa a mythical, paradisical island; also, a real island in the
archipelago NW of Yanatros
tamende not yet (colloq. often tamét ~tambende ~tambét; ult.
< mende; see also yamét
tamit pungent, spicy-smelling (like clove or cinnamon); sutamit
a spicy-smelling (not flowery) cologne or perfume; apis tamit a pungent
root used in cooking, sim. to ginger
tamuruna (var. vuruna) the larger of Cindu's two moons (ult.
< tandi+vuruna)
tanak petroleum-derived fuel(s), in genl.; tangumu diesel fuel; tanakaya ~ tanatambra kerosene (lit. fuel+light, fuel+lamp); horem tanak ~horendanak to be ~to run out of fuel; see also
vendanak
tanda (math.) zero; colloq., nothing
tandam (vi) to drum, play a drum; make a drumming noise;
tatandam a drum-roll
tandevas a feast, banquet; metandevas (vi) to have/make a feast; (vt) to feast on...
tandi moon, natural satellite of a planet; ... volu a man-made
satellite
tando few
tandom ~tatom a spice sim. to cloves (dial. talatom also
occurs)
tangaran (vt)...(liri...) to accuse (of) (old compd.
taken+aran)
tangaya (colloq.) in the phrase alo tangaya out of nowhere
(lit. ~'from I don't know')
tangen to indicate, point out; to mark; andangen a mark,
indication
tangi a recording (on take, disk, etc.), e.g. tangi-cika TV recording, videotape--a colloq. term but generally used; ult. < undangayi
tangole a measuring-cup (200 pem/petu, approx. 9oz.); see also
takoci
tanjañ (vt) to understand, grasp the meaning of (see also
sanjañ); cakatanjañ to intuit, have an insight, "see the light"
tanji (affect. dim.) grandfather (see taci, otama)
tanju (colloq., see tayanju); tatanju right now,
immediately; ~tatatanju ~ tanju-tanju id., emphatic; tanju krat
tanju as soon as possible; caka-/ca-tanju suddenly
tanoret the evening meal, dinner; as vb., pfx+... or yale
...+poss. to have/eat dinner
tanot tenon (construction/woodworking term); metanot to
cut/make a tenon; colek-tanot mortise and tenon (ult. < lanot)
tañ (imit.) sound of a large bell; andañ (large) bell; see also
tiñ
tap (onomat.) any snapping sound; trap sharp snapping sound,
e.g. of a whip cracking; tatap, tatrap to make such sounds;
mepu... make s.t. go 'snap/crack'
tapat some, any; tapatni ~ tapa-tapat anything, anything at all
tapes no, none; nothing; tape-tapes(ni) (emph.) absolutely
nothing, nothing at all
taput to supply, furnish (with); andaput a supply/store of...; cakataput overstocked
tar- (~tra- before cons.) negative prefix, not..., un-
tarambu (~trambu) (it is) forbidden; see ambu
tarandak (intens. cacarandak) famine, starvation;
horem... (vi) to starve; rundarandak (vt) to starve s.o., cause a
famine
tarandará a fanfare with trumpets etc.; also refers to loud
applause/cheers etc.
taritan absent; (irreg.) çutritan (alo...) to stay away from, avoid, evade; with reflexive IO, to absent or remove onself (from a place or situation); rundaritan to keep s.t. away, stave off, hold at bay; to prevent; catritan truant, chronically absent without excuse, or for unknown reasons; also said of s.o. who tends to break, or not appear for, appointments etc., hence, undependable for that reason
tarom convex; to bulge out, to swell; andarom convexity; a
bulge, swelling; cakatarom badly/abnormally bulging or swollen
taruna the basic unit of currency of the Federated Lands and many
other Kaç areas; colloq. truni
tarupat (vi) to be unwilling (see upat)
tasutan a lute-like stringed instrument
taça an arrow (archery); taçi (math. or typog.) a small arrow
or indicator (symbol)
1. tata easy (see also sata); cakatata ~cakatát
extremely/ridiculously easy
2. tata (affect.) grandfather (see otama)
tatam rhythm, (musical) beat
tati...tati neither...nor
tatrañ to hammer, to pound with a hammer or similar tool;
ekandrañ a (heavy) hammer, carpenter's hammer; tranji small
(wooden) mallet used to play certain musical instruments; drumstick(s);
trambom (padded) mallet used with gongs
tatun (vt) to pluck, pick (e.g. fruits)
tavun animal sp. --a shy mammal, herbivorous; an agric. pest that is
hunted and eaten by farmers (< Dirk Elzinga's Miapimoquitch tapune
'Cottontail')
tawu dry; arid; çutawu (vi) to dry out; rundawu to dry
s.t.; cakatawu completely dried out; thirsty (~catawu colloq.,
thirsty); andawu drought; tawuni aridity; etawu towel; (vt)
tatawu ~rupat ... to preserve (food) by drying
tawu-ko (pron.[táwko]) "correct" (Gwr trade-name) but rarely used form
of tuko q.v.
tawu-çi original (Gwr trade-name) but no longer used form of
tuçi q.v.
taya, ~taye (fem.), ~tayu (neut.) this: demonstrative of things
near the speaker (plur. tala, taç)
tayanju now (colloq. tanju))
tayi (pron. tai) no; nandayi an emph. form, certainly
not, absolutely not
tayondre tonight (colloq. condre)
tayoni the rest of... (ult. < andayo remainder < unayo
te- an old pfx. of respect; see ote-
teca (vi) to wish, desire, hope for (esp. for s.t. difficult or even
impossible to achieve); ...re/liri wish that/for...)-- miteca yuno
liri e nurak hindaka(le) 'we all wish for world peace'; to aspire to, e.g.
yateca (ya)yukar kandumbra 'he aspires to become a doctor';
mepu/kota ... to make a wish; andeca ~teca + poss. such a wish or
aspiration; see also renja
teceki the Spirit of Lightning and Electricity-- beneficial, but
capricious and often dangerous
tecu a small "lizard" sp., agricultural pest in grain fields (ult.
<.necu jump)
tefo (colloq.) an IOU; see fowet
teka (vi) to make a ticking/clicking sound (clock, typewriter);
...+ NUM ... o'clock; andeka keyboard (not musical)
tekangaya (colloq. tekangi) a senior or highly respected
professor; see kaya
tekup ~tekúp a tip, small amount of money given in return for a
service
tekur skinny, thin (of objects, the body); çutekur getting
thin, losing weight; catekur too skinny, wasting away, skin and bones,
emaciated
telañ (vt) to study, to learn; rundelañ to teach;
kandelañ student; andelañ a/the study of..., (~andet- in
compds., equiv. to "-ology"); telanga(le) intellectual, learned; telandelañ (vt)
to train; andelandelañ training; cakatelañ highly trained, expert: see also
añandet
tele blue (color), syn. kundele
telet ~teleci a closet, small storage space
temandri a senior or chief priest (see mandil)
temarok an elder, a respected old person
tematralap the Spirit of the moon Lalap, capricious (< te mar-
... 'respected brother Lalap')
tembes anteroom, vestibule, foyer; waiting room-- colloq. but common
for atembes
temo a hero (< Gwr. tai mo); tetemo heroic;
andemo heroism
tenar battle, combat; mepu... engage in....; kandenar
(arch.) warrior, knight
tendon a bar, rod (of metal)
tendruçek the Sea Spirit, powerful but capricious (< te inde
roçe 'respected mother sea')
tengayi (~tengi) to print; rundengayi to publish;
andengayi edition, printing; kandengayi printer; publisher. NB
tengi may also be used to form the derivs.; see also etengi
tenge (vt) to wash (things, not the body-- see sasawu, toçin);
tetenge clean; tratenge unwashed, dirty; andenge (colloq.
andek) laundry, things to be washed, spec. clothes, dishes etc.;
kandenge commercial laundry; laundry-man (in this sense, colloq. and a
bit pejor., ~kandeke); irreg. kendekimu (colloq. and a bit pejor.,
~kendeki) dish-washer (kitchen servant, or in a restaurant, irreg.
<kandeke+nimu)
tengi common var. of tengayi
tenguriñ frame, framework of s.t.; ... trako skeleton
tepet to pluck, strum; play a musical instrument; (colloq.) sexual
play, foreplay
tepro var. of etepro, the potter's wheel
terik (vt) to hate; teterik hateful, obnoxious (usu. of a
person); anderik hatred, hate; cakaterik have irrational hatred
of, bigoted, prejudiced-- ne cakaterik liri kaçin angur he really
hates/is prejudiced toward Gwr people
teçayu (vt) yearn for, long for (obj. in gen.); to miss (a person),
have nostalgia for s.t. (obj. in dat/acc.); andeçayu ~teçayu +poss. (n.)
yearning, longing; nostalgia; (ca)teteçayu to be homesick; cf.
avan
tete ~teté) affect. term for mother; see also inde, nini
tevas fine, delicate; elegant (of behavior as well as things); tetevas luxurious; andetevas luxury;
cakatevas overly refined, affected; tratevas coarse, inelegant
teyomarak the Fire Spirit, capricious (< te o marak
'respected angry one')
tica knife (usu. small to med. size)-- back-form. <lica,
andica
ticandi a myth.monster: a large, vicious Cousin-like animal (<
tiça tandi moon cousin-- some humans are believed to turn into this when
both moons are full)
tici (colloq., affect.) grandmother (see otinde)
tihas (vt) to glimpse, catch a glimpse of; to glance (at) quickly;
peek at; andihas ~tihasni a glimpse of, a quick glance at; see also
titihas
tikar perpendicular
tikas (vt) to see; çutikas become visible, emerge;
rundikas to exhibit, show; kandikas (legal) witness; (usu.pl.) viewer(s),
spectator(s), audience; cakatikas (+dat.) to see/ understand suddenly,
have a flash of insight; (+nom.) of an obj. or pers., to suddenly appear, pop
into view; potikas visible; trapotikas invisible; titikas to notice, take note of...; happen to see...; endo kitikas (colloq. engi tikas ~endikas ~tikas, ~titik) good-bye;
andikas the sense of vision; tiká ~tikás(interj.) look! behold!;
tikasti (interj.) look out! pay attention!
tiki a second (meas. of time); tiki-tiki second by second,
every second
tikomaka a carnival or circus-like entertainment; (irreg.)
ketimaka performer in id., esp. an acrobat
tikuluñ right away, forthwith
timbani enough (< old *timba+ni), as both quantifier
(...endak enough meat) and verb (ta (ya)timbani it's not
enough)
timbara a coffee-like beverage (< tisip pambara black
berry)
timbat (vt) to know (a person); be familiar/acquainted with (a field
of study, or a situation); çutimbat yam... getting to know, getting
acquainted with; rundimbat to introduce s.o.; cakatimbat taking
liberties, acting overly familiar
timuhok (vi) to squat on the haunches; timuk
timuk (colloq. var.or timuhok) kandimuk an idler, do-nothing; ca(ka)timuk (dat.) be a chronic idler, a do-nothing, ne'er-do-well; (nom) to hang around, loiter; wait around
(for no good reason), also applied to (illegal) "feather-bedding"
employees who do no work but collect a paycheck --NB forms often
co-occur with -po suffix, in which case the final -k is dropped
tinda (colloq., slightly pej.) politics; tindaka political; ketinda politician
tindis (vi) nervous, anxious, mildly afraid; concerned (about s.t.);
çutindis becoming so; rundindis to make s.o. so, to upset s.o.;
cakatindis extremly or chronically so; andindis nervousness,
anxiety, alarm; see also tirindis and cf. tiris
tinda (colloq., slightly perj.) politics (as a profession/practice); tindaka political; ketinda a politician
tindor be responsible (for s.t.)--both 'be the cause of...' and 'have...in one's care'; çutindor assume/accept responsibilty for; rundindor hold (s.o.) responsible, to blame; andindor responsibility; tindromer (legally) responsible, guilty; (ca)tratindor irresponsible; andratindor irresponsibility
tingakañu lit., look at, inspect the mind. This is a serious technique, reserved to lawyers, judges, psychologists, etc. and may be done only with permission, except in criminal proceedings; an applicant to a sensitive position might be so probed. ilekañu q.v. is similar, but performed without permission (and probably less skill) and, if possible, without the knowledge of the person being probed.
tingap to shoot with bow and arrow; çohi... to hunt with bow
and arrow; kandingap such a hunter; see also singap
tingas (vt) to look at, view, watch; titingas to examine/watch
closely; to research, investigate, inspect; pay attention (to s.t. one is seeing); rundingas to point out, show s.t. to s.o.; andingas examination, inspection; anditingas (n.) research; kandingas (edu.) examiner;
proctor; (police or official) inspector; kanditingas researcher; cakatingas (nom). pay attention
to details; (psych.) be obsessive, obsess over s.t.(gen.); (dat.) nit-picking
tingava the horizon (ult. <tikas+nava)
tinje (vt) to select, choose; elect; andinje ~tinje+poss.
choice, selection; option; añatinje (pol.) election; kandinje voter; ketinje
(mil.) a conscript, draftee; catinje random, at random
tinji (affect.dim.) grandmother (see otinde)
tiñ (imit.) ringing sound; titiñ (vi) ring, be ringing;
etiñ a small bell (see also tañ)
tip(i) (onomat.) the sound, or feeling, of light tapping;
tipitip(i) id.; (as vb) to tap s.o/s.t. lightly; (of an object/device) to
make tapping sounds; tap s.o. on the shoulder or arm, to get their attention
tipevet sparse, scanty, in short supply; rare
tipu, tip- var. of sipu in several derivs.
tira (vt)(mil.) to command, be in command of; (civ.) be in charge of; rundira (mil.) to put in
command of; (civ.) to put in charge of; andira ~tirani (mil.) a command, verbal/written order; (civ.) s.t. that one is in charge of (e.g. an office or dept.), one's responsibility; kandira commander
(mil. rank); (civ., ironic) supervisor, boss; cakatira bossy, a stickler for details. (The word is somewhat obsolete in the military sense)
tirak terrible, very frightening; andirak great fear, terror;
çutirak to be in terror, feel/be terrified; rundirak to terrify;
to terrorize; cakatirak in great terror; greatly terrorized (ult.
<tiris raka)
tirindis (n, vi) panic; to be in a state of panic; hañu ... a
panic or anxiety attack; (irreg.) catrindis suddenly/extremely panicked
tiris (vi) afraid, frightened; çutiris to become afraid,
uneasy; rundiris to frighten; cakatiris overcome by fear, fearful,
timid, a "scaredy-cat"; cowardly; see also liris, tindis
tirivaçu malicious minor spirits in rivers/lakes that can cause one to
drown
tis (imit.) tickle; titis (vt,vi) to tickle; tisitis(i)
(mainly nursery) "tickle-tickle!"
tisa formal 2nd pers. pronoun, commoner-to-aristocrat, formerly used
in a close, usu. sexual, relationship; sometimes, when the person of lesser
status was the sexually dominant partner, it would be the aristocrat who used
it, albeit often ironically; nowadays, while somewhat rare, it is used by either
partner, almost always with clear humorous or ironic intent. The case forms
are: tisa, tisí ~ -si, tisé ~ se, tin; verbal subj.pfx. ti-.
Plural forms (tila etc.) exist, but are seldom used; there is no
corresponding pl. verbal pfx., regular hi- is used. Probably more common
in its dimin. form tiçi (rare gen. ticí, but -si), dat.
tiçé ~ ce, acc. cin; also with suffixed -mi, nom.
tiçimi, dat. tiçemi ~ irreg. cembi, acc. cimbi (no
plural forms)-- verbal sing. pfx. in these cases is ci- or ti-.
(Ult. < sisa)
tisip berry, in genl.
tiça first cousin (uncle's or aunt's child); also, (~titiça)
cousin of any degree; pratiça any of the wild species related to the Kaç
tita (vt) to tell/order (s.o. to do s.t.); andita an order; kandita the boss; employer; prakandita (non-political) president, chief executive; cakatita bossy, domineering; kratita (colloq. kratita) to dictate, command by force; be a dictator; añakratita dictatorship; tyranny
titi (affect.) grandmother (see otinde)
titihas (vt) to ogle, look at furtively
tití(k) (colloq.) good-bye (< tikas)
titiñ (vi) to ring, be ringing, usu. of bells only; runditiñ (vt) to ring a bell or similar object; çutiti&ñtilde; (fig.) to ring, resound
titriñ to hammer lightly/carefully; etitriñ a small or
light-weight hammer
titrit (n., adj.) spiral in form, shape or pattern; (ange...) tree sp., the branches grow in a spiral
pattern from the trunk
titruwat (vi) to foretell the future, to prophesy; (irreg.)
anditru a prophecy; (pra)kanditru prophet
tiyanju then, at that time; titanju just then, just at that
time
tocami ~toçami sweetened bread, "sweet rolls"
tok (imit.) sound of knocking
tokapra paper money, bills (<toye+kapra), colloq.
kapi
toki see latoki
tokop a k.o. sausage
tokro in building, a beam
tola (vt) to smell/sniff s.t.; (e.g. yatola aveç he smells
the flowers; ne yatola petip he smells (can smell) petip;
tolani (n) smell, the smell of; (vi.) to smell (of): (ya)tolani
petip it smells of petip; (ya)tolani leñ/muko it smells
good/bad); totola to kiss, by smelling; totolum to kiss with the
mouth; kandola the nose (humorous, syn. imak)
toli to visit, stop in/by, drop in; (marit.) make a port of call;
andoli a visit; port of call; kandoli (anim.) visitor; (neut.) a
ship that is due to arrive
tolot to trim, snip (cut off small pieces of s.t.); andolot
trimmer, clipper (tool)
toluka raw, uncooked; andoluka(ç) raw material(s),
ingredient(s)
tombar glory; fame, renown; also as adj.; tratombar (n,adj)
disgrace(d); rundatombar (vt) to disgrace
tombrak an old liquid measure (tomos+raka) now equiv. to 5
cipetu, approx. 7-1/2 qts.US, but in usage equiv. to the US gallon
tombret ~trombet see ombret
tombus a type of steamed bun with meat or vegetable filling
tomen (vt) to judge/decide (legal); andomen judgment/decision
(legal); kandomen a judge, magistrate (various ranks); cakatomen found guilty/culpable
tomimik coins; small change (ult. <toye+mimik); colloq.
tomiki
tomos a (pre-metric) unit of liquid measure, now syn. with
cipetu
tondeñ myth; legend; tondenga(le) mythical, legendary
tongi a small shop or store; çutongi set up shop, go into
business; rundongi... spec., have a ...store; also more genl., be in the
business of..., deal in..., e.g. yarundongi lingaran he has a shoe store;
he's in the shoe business; ketongi shop-keeper/owner/small merchant;
tongumut (colloq. tombut) a general store, large store; department
store
tongo (naut.) spec., the poles that support the outrigger float,
larok; by ext., the entire outrigger, boom and float together
toñak bread with filling, a sandwich
topar (colloq. topi) a ferry (boat); nopra-topa to cross
by ferry (usu. vi, may be vt with object= the body of water crossed);
rundopar...(ri andopra...) to ferry s.t./s.o. (across...); ketopi
the person/family responsible for providing ferry service in rural or isolated
areas.
topimbañ hormone (< Gwr doyh pi:ng bang 'body seed (=gland) juice'
topet pencil, stylus; topelica burin, tool for engraving on
metal; topekut paintbrush (of any size)
toçami ~tocami sweetened bread, "sweet roll"
toçin (vi) to bathe, take a bath; rundoçin to bathe s.o.;
andoçin ~ toçin+poss. bath; yutroçin ~ atetroçin bathing-room or
(outdoor) area
toço (vt) to bake; andoço baked goods in genl., also, a baked
product comparable to bread; kandoço baker; yundroço oven; bakery
totok (vi) to knock, strike with the knuckles
totola to kiss, in the Kash way, by sniffing and rubbing the cheek;
totolum to kiss with the mouth
tovar (vi) to be hopeful, to hope; çutovar to become hopeful,
be encouaged; rundovar to encourage s.o.; cakatovar to get one's
hopes up, to hope in vain
toye (colloq. often towe) money, in genl.; añandoye (common colloq. andowe) finance; ando(y,w)eka(le) financial; ... punduñ trust fund (usu. by a living
grantor); ...panip play-money, such as children might make or use in a
game; toyambanip id., or, gambling scrip or chips (with real value);
totoye cash; tovacan credit; andoye wealth; pendoye
wealthy; see toyonji
towikoñ protein (< Gwr doyh gÿ:ng 'life building-block')
toyonji counterfeit money; mepu... to counterfeit;
kandoyonji counterfeiter (contrast toye panip~ambanip
play-money, such as might be used in a game)
tra- (~tar- before vowel) negative prefix, not... un-
trafun art, artistic work; the fine arts in genl.; ketrafun
artist; trafunga(le) artistic; trafufun an (artistic) amateur,
dilettante, would-be or hack artist
traka (vt) to buy; kandraka buyer; see also kandrak;
...toye to buy for cash; ...tovacan buy on credit;
(ka)pitraka (fin.) an option to buy, a call-option; traka-traka
~traka-taka to buy up, to "corner the market"; traka-tovar (fin.) to
speculate (lit., buy-hope)-- more commonly colloq. traka-trop
trakalat (med. only) ... ana to abort a pregnancy;
andrakalat abortion; catrakalat (dat., the woman) to undergo an
abortion; (nom., the child) to be aborted (<kalar)
trakiç dice (for gambling); NB there is no singular form-- mesa
trakiç one/a die; panip... to play at...., cinga ... to
throw...., faki/(pa)paki ... to gamble at ... (ult. related to
trako)
trako bone; (as adj. ~tatrako) bony
traleleñ evil (n., adj.); evil-doing, evil things (<leñ)
tramba lamp
tramit sad (see also traminda)
tramuko (colloq.) not bad, OK
trañ (imit.) the sound of hammering or heavy pounding; see also
tatrañ
trap see tap
traponolit illiterate (< nolit)
trasanje (vulg. slang) e... masturbation; mepu e... to
masturbate (see sanje)
trayi (vt) to pull, draw toward; (vi, dat. obj.) to attract, interest,
e.g me yatrayi e rinda music interests me, I'm interested in music;
mita me yatrayi I'm attracted to Mita; tatrayi interesting,
attractive; see also katrayi
trehan (vi) to jump, leap (off of s.t.)
trelo (colloq.) the seven-day week (see sotero)
trep (interj.) back! get back! handrep (n., vi) (mil.) retreat
tret torn, ripped; rundét to rip, tear s.t.; cakatrét in
shreds, tatters
trik (vt) to prick, poke; to skewer; cakatrík to get pricked,
poked (painfully); etrík fork, skewer (utensil); see also trok
trikañu lit., poke the mind; a telepathic technique, to give someone a quick message (in the course of a verbal conversation)--a reminder, correction, information they need etc.; also, to receive such a quick message from someone; if used to excess, it can come to be considered rather aggressive or rude
triñ (imit) the sound of light hammering, tapping (with an object)
trip (vi) to drip; (n) a drip, drop; also onomat.
trivus awkward, clumsy; unskilled; (vi) to slip up, make an error; rundivus (vt) fumble, botch, do s.t. incorrectly; ca- ~cakatrivus utterly clumsy, totally inept (of a person or his work)
troci small purse, coin purse; see yutroci
troçe colloq. alt. of kundroçe green
trok (to prick, poke, in many dials.-- but not in Holundan; see
trik) trok, icitrók, cakatrók, troki coarse terms for sexual
intercourse, to be avoided
trokañu lit., f*ck the mind: to "speak" or invade someone's mind, with the purpose of insulting, greatly confusing, or otherwise upsetting them; syns. cokañu, icikañu (trok- ~cok-, ici- are vulgarisms for the sex act)
tromat (vt) to find, discover; andromat a discovery; añandromat findings, data, information
tomolu (manufactured) product(s)-- colloq. often pronounced without the final vowel (based on putative noml. < rumolu caus. of volu)
trondato colloq. for katorom lato < sorom
tropa warning, caution; vele... to warn; catropa to be
warned, told to be careful, "you'd better watch out"
troçe colloq. alt. of kundroçe green
truci see nunje
trufa grass, turf-- refers more to domesticated varieties,
deliberately planted, e.g in a lawn; okam (q.v.) refers more to wild
grasses
trundata an import (i.e. a product); as adj. imported--colloq.often pronounced without the final vowel (< putative noml. of rundata caus. of rata)
trunjosa an export (i.e. a product); as adj. exported--colloq.often pronounced without the final vowel (< putative noml. of runjosa caus. of cosa
trupek to exclude, keep out; trupengi excluding; (as prep.) except (for)
truçomi ~truçoñi in vain, without purpose-- colloq. for inguçomi, see inga
tuko a medicinal salve, of Gwr manufacture (properly tawu-ko,
its trade name)
tukrim (colloq. turi) various lizard spp.(and a few mammals)
capable of flight that also "sing", have an audible cry (~"bird");
tukrayo(k) a small, dark-green sp. whose cry is heard at sunset; tukrimbara
a med.size black tukrim with a raucous cry;
they are social and considered intelligent but malicious and an ill
omen (associated with death); also called (tukrim) kayi-ko (<
Gwr)see also tumbrik
tulan a tray, salver, for serving food
tulu gap or narrow opening between things that are close together,
through which one may pass-- e.g. between two parked cars; a narrow walkway
between buildings; pathway through rocky terrain; aisle(s) in e.g. a theater or
auditorium; mouth of a cave; a mountain pass (~tulu surañ), opening in a
reef or sandbar through which boats may pass (~tulu çaru, tucaru)
tumbra healed, cured; çutumbra to be healing, on the mend,
recovering from an illness; rundumbra to heal/cure s.o., to treat;
kandumbra medical doctor, native healer; andumbra medicine,
therapy, treatment, e... (more common, colloq. yandumbra the art/science of medicine
tumbrik those lizard and mammal spp. capable of flight that do not
"sing", have no audible cry
tumbiyunu ~tupiyunu cure-all, panacea (old colloq., < tumbra+yuno)
tundeyu Carbon dioxide (CO2); tundeyamir (colloq.
tunjami) frozen CO2, "dry ice" (< Gwr alive+air)
tundo to pray, beseech, appeal to (stronger than turo);
andundo (legal) appeal; rundundo (vt) to appeal (a legal ruling);
kandundo kandundo appellant (legal); etundo a prayer,
petition, (non-legal) appeal; see also himaçema
tundru (vt) to lift with the hand; pick up; ... hece , colloq.
tukrece to lift weights (exercise); andukrece weightlifting;
kandukrece weightlifter, body-builder; cakatundru thievish,
light-fingered.
tungar tribe, clan (somewhat arch.); party; (social) class; any
sizeable group of people who share e.g. politics, language, interests...;
tunga(r) luhu the nobility; tungakramon the aristocracy; tunga
samar commoners (somewhat obs.); the common people; tutungar club,
association (colloq. tutuk); tungaprehan cohort (group of people
roughly the same age); (school) class, grade; colloq. kaprekan, prekan
tunjami see tundeyu
tunje (slang) contr. of rundunje to deliver; see nunje,
ketuci
tup (onomat.) bounce; catúp (vi) to bounce; runjátup to
bounce s.t.
tupam grease, fat, for cooking; animal fat; tupanga(le) greasy;
(tech., med.) fatty, adipose
tupatúp (hum., coarse) to have sexual intercourse (< tup)
tur ~ turi desc. of things flying/floating or drifting in
the air; turin to fly, usu. of "birds", airships etc.; çuturin to
take off, take to flight; rundurin put to flight ("birds"), to fly/pilot
(airship); andurin flight, aeronautics; kandurin pilot, aviator; cematruwin airport, airfield; turi-turi to hover (stationary in the air, as a helicopter can do); foya tur ~turin air-sickness
or vertigo; cakatúr air-sick; cakaturin to fall (fatally) from a
great height; see also turilelo
turas regular, occurring at regular intervals; (esp. gram., geom.)
regular in form/shape; traturas irregular; anduras regularity;
schedule; cf. tuça
turat the 6th day of the 7-day week
turilelo flying insects comparable to butterflies; they are often colorful, usu. diurnal
turiyoret (dial. tuçoret) flying insects
comparable to moths, mainly nocturnal
turo to beg, beg for; turole ~ maturo excuse me (often ...
na); turole ~ maturo precedes an imper. addr. to a superior,
"please..."; in colloq. usage, simple turo is 'please'
tuça exact, precise (also used adverbially, e.g. teka ro tuça(ni)
~tuça(ni) teka ro exactly two o'clock); fixed, firm, definite;
anduça precision, exactitude; runduça to set right, correct--
runduça pinaro to set a clock; cakatuça to be a perfectionist;
tratuça inexact; imprecise
tuçi an antibiotic ointment of Gwr manufacture
tutek colloq. var. of sutek
tutuk (colloq.) see tungar
tuwi soup; sutuwi plain/clear broth
tuyam a popular noodle-soup
See also the Supplement
N (Twelfth letter of hakanga, called na, an alveolar
nasal, IPA [n].)
na ~naná, ~aná, ~ená) intro. hesitation word., well, hmm, oh...,
er...-- the vowel is usu. lengthened; nána thing, unspec. object e.g.
kandri nana yu what's that thing? kaná thingy, whatchacallit
(when one can't remember a word)
naci a watch (timepiece) (colloq., <pinaci)
naciki to fry (usu. contr. >ciki)
nafe scale(s) of a fish/reptile; (adj.) scaly; see also randap
nahan (vt) to eat; to erode (by wind, water), corrode (by acid, harsh
chemicals); cakanahan eroded, corroded, consumed; rundahan to feed
s.t. to s.o.; ponahan edible; andahan food; a meal;
tranahan to fast; andranahan a fast; see also endak
naka (vt) to pardon, forgive; andaka pardon, forgiveness
nakayi (pron. nakai) emph. form of hayi yes-- yes,
definitely, absolutely
nakuça (vt) to broil
nakuweyu (proper name) a Gwr mathematician, Na Kwæy-Hu (fl. ca. 2000
p.m.), who researched and formalized what we call the "Fibonacci series";
moyot ... the relationship between any two consecutive Fibonacci numbers,
basically 8:5-- considered harmonious and aesthetically pleasing; also called
moyot maci (< maq dzi [octal] ten five)
namapus (vt) to cook by steaming
nami (vi) to cook, be cooking; often used colloq. as vt; çunami
(of food) to be cooking; rundami to cook (s.t., a dish); (nami) nami
fanan ~napanan to cook slowly in liquid, to braise or stew; cakanami
overcooked; tranami raw (of s.t. that ought to be cooked)
namik see anamingi
nana thing, object, device (unspec. or unidentifiable); pl. nanaç things, in genl., stuff; see na
nandayi (pron. nandai) emph. form of tayi no--
absolutely not
nandu (colloq.) snacks or drinks, "street food", usu. sold from a
temporary stand or push-cart; kenandu such a vendor
nangan rough (texture); rundangan to roughen, abrade, file;
cakanangan to rub the fur the wrong way.
nanguça (vi,vt) to burn up/down (s.t. in its entirety); vele...
to cremate; irreg. derivs. çunguça be in flames, burning up;
runguça set fire to; (obs.) to clear fields by burning; canguça
burnt up/down, destroyed by fire; anguça a (destructive) fire e.g. ...
puna, ... añange; (irreg.) añanguça arson; kañanguça arsonist
naniyaki malicious minor spirits (children of Forest) that lead one
astray in the forest; if they succeed in leading one all the way to "Father
Forest", one may die
naniyoret ~nañoret a mischievous or malicious nocturnal sprite
nanowin ~nonowin career, area of work, life's work; see nowin
nanja (vt) to meet, encounter; to collide with, ~... mate
collide; cakananja to collide, have an accident; krananja
accident; sunanja waves, surf (of ocean or lake)
nanjul (vt) to steal; kandanjul thief; cakananjul
(pers.) to be/get robbed; (thing) to get stolen
napasan to roast (nami+fasan)
napi(ni) barely (free form of -pi)
napo(ni) just, only (free form of -po); ...naponi only
(restrictive); napo-napo only, merely, nothing but...
narak loud; çunarak becoming/getting loud; rundarak to
increase the volume of; andarak noise; commotion; kandarak
loudspeaker
nasa minute (meas. of time); nasa-nasa every minute, minute by
minute; nasani(po) (adv) for just a minute, momentarily; (as adj.)
nasani ~nanasani momentary, temporary; nasani cosa(po) just a
minute/moment ago; see also naçi(po)
naçi(po) (interj.) just a minute! i.e, I'll be right there!;
naçi-naçi(po) just a minute! not so fast! hold on! wait!; (ult.
<nasa+ci)
natawu (vt) to boil, cook by boiling
nava far; far away (NB prefixed comparative/superlative, lanava,
canava); nanava very far away, out of sight; çunava to recede,
go away, vanish into the distance; rundava move s.t. away; andava
~navani distance; cakanava unattainable, impossible to achieve;
beyond all expectations; following an adj., (caka)nava means
'extraordinarily...'; ...navani as far as..., up to... (of distance, e.g.
micosa holundan navani we went as far as Holunda; miharan i ratuwe
fanu navani we walked as far as/up to 8th Street); NB correctly, it is
postposed; colloq., preposed, in which case its "object" is in the nom.--
micosa navani holunda, miharan navani ratu fanu
nawus (vi) to swim; nawu(s)-nawus paddle around, splash/play
around in the water; nawu-çelum the backstroke; nawu-rini breast-
or butterfly stroke; yurunawus a (man-made) swimming pool
naya kind, sort; (gram.) gender; kandraya what kind of...? e.g.
...ele iyu what kind of plant is that?; naya-naya all kinds of,
all sorts of; andaya (tech.) social class; añandaya society in
genl.; cakandaya (sociol.) highly class-structured; (colloq, pej.) class-ridden; pranaya (high) status, socially superior; nayakure low status, socially inferior; nayumut bisexual orientation (most common amongst the Kash);
nayaró (med.) hermaphrodite/-itic; nayasít common
term/self-designation for those who have exclusively homosexual orientation
(lit. gender three; see also nayaci, nimesa
nayaci (adj., indefinite) some kind of..., some sort of...,e.g.
yaworana numuwi nayaci 'it looked like some sort of fish...'; ena, iya
titiça (~tiçami) nayaci 'oh, he's some sort of cousin (of mine)'; also
(colloq.) nanayaci ~nañaci (adv., indef.) sort-of..., kind-of..., to some
~a certain degree..., as ikono nanayaci (~nanayaci ikono) 'they sort-of
agreed'; postposed when modifying an adjective-- puna raka nañaci 'sort
of a big house ~a sort-of big house'
nayi ~naiyici (pron. [naj], ['najtSi) the young of the kusimi, ~kit,
kitten
nayipañ a veg/fruit similar to the tomato
necu (vi) to jump (from standing position); as vt, to jump over s.t;
...rini to dive; cakanecu to jump/start out of fright or surprise,
be startled
nekan building, in genl., any (usu. large) structure
nekece (n) rust; corrosion, in genl. (ult. < neyak+hece);
rusty (see also kece); irreg. çungece (vi) to rust; corrode (usu.
by action of air or water; of acid, nahan)
nele the sky; as pl. neleç the heavens, the firmament
neneyu (in compds. nenu-) gas; nenuka(le) gaseous; (<
Gwr redup. næw air)
nengit (vt) to claim, aver (i.e. that s.t. is true, a fact)
neyak excrement; any exudation; neçikun earwax; neçimak
mucus from the nose, snot (see also fufimak, fumak)
neyuprum (coll. ñuprum) stomach/intestinal gas; the discomfort
of...; indigestion
nici leak, leaky; cakanici to spring a leak
nicumbok a large "lizard" of low intelligence; in the past sometimes used as a pack animal despite being refractory and unreliable
nifa snow; yanifa ~yale nifa it is snowing
nihiket the scalp
nihin the top surface, top of; ri.... on top of, above
nika a twig, small branch or piece thereof
nikapiki (colloq. kapiki, piki) a match (for lighting things)--most used in urban/sophisticated dial.; ult. < nika+ Gwr. pī fire); see also the less-used (native) syn. nikuç
nikar vertical, upright; plumb; enikar plumb-bob
nikor an alloy of metals (< Gwr ni kr two metal)
nikuç a match (for lighting things)--more used in rural areas, or by purists who try to avoid Gwr loans (< nika+huça; see also nikapiki)
nila (anim., ~niç neut.) demonstrative, and pronoun of the 3rd
pers. plural, they, those, those things
nilus the hand
nim the number five; bears the stress in derivs. e.g. kuním,
folaním etc.
nimbis a pillow, cushion; nimbimi a small pad/cushion
nimbrak the skull
nimbuna attic or loft-space of a house
nimbur (vt) to remember (takes gen/dat. object); rundimbur to
remind s.o. of s.t.; nimbu-nimbur (liri...) (vi) to reminisce (about...)
nimesa ~nimesapo exclusively heterosexual orientation (< naya
mesa)
nimu a pot: usu. a metal cooking pot, but can refer to ceramic pots
both useful and decorative; nimu fanan a heavy metal/ceramic pot for slow
braising/stewing; nimu ceñ an electric version thereof, of Gwr
manufacture (Gwr ceng trade name)
ninat ceiling (see also hafa)
nindopor Solstice (< Gwr ning naw br)
nindrako the head
ningar (vi) to stand, be upright; çuningar to get up, rise from
a sitting position; rundingar to set s.t. upright; to erect s.t.;
cakaningar ecut +poss. (s.t.) to make one's fur stand on end, make one's
flesh crawl (from fright, alarm, disgust etc.); ninga-tringat crudely
built, jerry-built, jury-rigged; see also eningar, ningombra
ningombra (lit. body-dead) carcass, remains (of a dead animal); rude if said of humans
nine affect. term for mother, see also inde, tete
nini ~nini-nini (usu. caka-, colloq.) to overuse/misuse the
-ni suffix- a problem grammar teachers encounter in young students
ninim to trace/track a person/animal by visible clues (irreg. <
inim)
ninip (vi) to slide; rundinip to slide s.t., push s.t. (a
little bit)
nip (imit., interj.) said when one slips, "oops!"; cakaníp to
slip (and usu., fall); (inanim.) slippery
niri (vt) to steer ( a vehicle or boat); andiri steering wheel
of a car or other vehicle; kandiri driver of a car; cakaniri (of a
vehicle) out of control, skidding
nirit to control; çunirit (liri...) to gain control (of...); andirit (n.) control; kandirit controller (person--may also be used of a device, but better apral kandirit; cakanirit said os s.o. who always wants to be in control, a controlling person
nisa king/queen-- the supreme, usu. hereditary, ruler of a nation--
used in various areas of Hanjomim, Nocaniki and elsewhere but not in Yanatros.
The first child of a nisa is called anandisa, roughly "crown
prince"
niçur brave; andiçur bravery; kandiçur brave person,
hero (syn. temo); cakaniçur rash, fool-hardy, taking chances; traniçur cowardly,
andraniçur cowardice--esp. in a military context
catraniçur >overcome by cowardice, said of one who runs away from the battle, who refuses
to do his duty
niya very; more emph. niya-niya, niniya very, extremely, highly
niyak branch (lit. and fig.); mepu... ~çuniyak to branch off; niyaci a stick of wood; (builder's slang) ~ñaci piece(s) of lumber, usu. of lighter weight/manageable size, e.g. wall-studs, rafters etc.
niyon the arm (as a whole, from shoulder to hand); niyocuma the
upper arm; niyongure the lower arm, forearm
nocaniki the name of the smaller continent on Cindu (etym. uncertain)
nokrando (vt) to poison; (vi) poisonous, toxic; colloq. nokrat;
nokrati mildly poisonous; enokrando ~enokrat poison(s) in genl.,
but usu. those derived from plants/chemicals; sunokrat venom of an
animal/insect; venomous
nolit (vt) to read; ponolit able to read, literate; (inanim.)
legible; noli(t)-nolit read quickly, skim; traponolit illiterate;
(inanim.) illegible; andolit literacy; kandolit reader;
andonolit literature; andonolita(le) literary; kandonolit
litterateur, critic
nombuk danger; dangerous (usu. physical); rundombuk to
endanger, jeopardize; put at risk; nombukrak great danger, peril, risk,
jeopardy; canombukrak to be in id.
nomo (vt) to greet; andomo a greeting; manomo hello
nonji (vt) to scoop up (with a ladle or large spoon); andonji a
portion, serving of food; enonji a ladle; kandonji an excavating machine
nopat a bridge, viaduct, overpass on a highway; railroad
trestle
nopra (vt) to cross, go across; andopra the other side of;
ri...(dat./acc) across, on/to the other side of
nowin one's living, livelihood; occupation; (as vb.) to make one's living as..., to work as..., e.g. yanowin kañulin he works as ~makes his living as a carpenter; tonowin wages, salary; note verbal use as "to earn"-- tonowimbi sit truni aroni I earn 3 truni an hour; nowin ri... work at, be employed at..., e.g. yanowin ri landiñ he works at a bank; see also nanowin
-nu (sfx) often (see nunu)
nuca sandal(s), usu. a flat piece of leather or rubber to protect the
sole of the foot, held on with a band or (fancy) straps
nula var. of anula gold
nulañ sad; nulandulañ melancholy, depressed; depressing,
gloomy; çunulañ becoming sad; rundulañ to sadden; cakanulañ
(hum., nom.) "down in the dumps", blue; (dat.) melancholic, depressed; (inanim.)
depressing; andulañ ~nulañi sadness; depression; nulak(i) interj.
of sympathy, what a pity!, how sad!; ...nulanji poor little..!
andulañi unfortunately, sadly
numba (vi) go along, accompany; kandumba passenger; (vt) to
ride in/on, e.g. ... kreci/ñaki to take a train/car, go by train/car,
... haran to go on foot
numu (anim.) fish in genl.; (inanim.) fish as food
nundik a stupid, boring or irritating person (< Gwr nung
diq)
nunje (vt) to carry in the hand; rundunje (slang tunje)
to convey, deliver s.t.; andunje a small package or parcel; ketuci
(slang) a person who makes deliveries, e.g. a mail-carrier; truci
(colloq.) a small pack or package of s.t., i.e. of food/etc. pre-packaged
nunji (vt) to meet, encounter, make the acquaintance of;
rundunji to introduce s.o.
nunu often (free form of sfx. -nu)
nupeliç fake gold, pinchbeck-- a cheap alloy that
resembles gold (< nula feliyoç Gwr gold)
nurak peace; nuraka(le) peaceful; çunurak to be at
peace, to make peace (with); endo te nurak "peace to you" the normal
greeting to a stranger, or on introduction; less formally ende nurak ~
nurak.
nuro deep; çunuro becoming deep; runduro make s.t.
deep(er); cakanuro (of a ship) lost at sea; anduro ~nuroni depth
nuça (vt) ask for, request, order s.t.; anduça a request, order
for s.t.
nuçim lonely, alone (of a person); nunuçim reclusive; a loner
or hermit; runduçim to isolate s.t. or s.o., to set apart;
cakanuçim ostracized, esp. as punishment for persistent anti-social
behavior
nuwak (vi) to ask; to question s.o. (dat.); (with reflex.) to wonder
(about); runduwak to interrogate (anim); anduwak a question;
nuwa(k)-nuwak curious; cakanuwak overly curious, inquisitive,
nosy; penuwak to doubt; be doubtful; abbr. nw
nuwakañu to question the mind, usu. in a benign or friendly sense; sometimes used casually to determine a person's truthfulness, sincerity, compatibility or motivation.
nuwar (vi) to spend the night, stay overnight; cakanuwar (of a
guest) to stay longer than expected or invited; to over-stay one's welcome;
punduwar hotel, inn, guesthouse
nuyot insect(s) in genl.; cakanuyot infested with insects
See also the Supplement
R (Thirteenth letter of hakanga, called ra, an
alveolar trill IPA [r])
racañ (vt, vi) to grind up (mainly of meat); ground, ground up;
eracañ a meat-grinder/food mill
racuñ (vt) to help, assist, aid; andracuñ help, assistance;
parandacuñ (çehanga) magic
raka big, large, great; çuraka get big, grow; rundaka to
enlarge, expand s.t.; andraka ~rakani size; raka-raka very large, huge, gigantic; palaraka
imposing, impressive (esp. if large) see also laraka, caraka
rakop difficult, hard; rundakop to impede; andrakop
difficulty
rambas (vt) to remove, take off (NB: yarambas
payoni he took off his (own) cape, vs. ne yarambas payoni he took off
his/her (someone else's) cape-- the distinction is necessary only when both
referents are 3d-pers. pronouns); see also ravas
(randa) (old deriv. of rata) see laranda
randap to scale a fish; to remove the skin of a fish/reptile
randik muscle e.g. randikiç niyoni the muscles of the arm; as
adj., muscular, e.g. kaçut randik a muscular man, yarandik he
is muscular; randika(le) (med.) pertaining to the muscles/muscular
system, e.g. andurup ... muscular weakness
rango a bowl, either decorative or useful
rapinda (interj.) welcome! ...ri(+acc.) welcome to... (<
rata+minda); kota/vele ... to welcome s.o.
rapundan (colloq. pundan[ji]) a cupboard/ pantry for storing
food
raput (vt) to put away, save; toye ... savings (money);
rundaput to preserve food; rapu(t)-raput to hoard; cakraput
miserly, stingy; andraput s.t. saved, put away for safe-keeping;
yundraput store-house, ware-house, ...kota vocabulary,
...etengi (large or public) library (but more usu pundek; see also
kandengi); archive(s); ... trafun ~yundrafun museum;
kandrapu(t) celi storage battery of a car, colloq. puceli
rase vine, creeper, in genl.; raçange (genl.) the large,
thick-stemmed vines/lianas that grow in tropical forests, sim. to rattan
raça (vt) to curse s.o.; raç (interj.) damn! damned...!
rata (vi) to come; to arrive; andrata arrival; cakrata to show up, put in an appearance
(usu. unexpectedly)
ratu street, road (usu. paved); ratumik small lane or alley;
ratraka highway
ravas orig. a syn. of rambas, now has the math. usage 'to
subtract, take away', as ravaska nim alo folaket subtract 5 from 16;
andravas subtraction; rap (~rapa before ro)
(math.slang) minus, take away, as, nim rapa ro ya(le) sila 5 minus 2 is 3
ravut to uproot (plants etc.); fig., destroy, extirpate; cakravut (obs.) to suffer one's family to be killed off/wiped out (an ancient punishment); by ext., totally uprooted, destroyed, wiped out-- a somewhat stronger term than cakayamun (see yamun), which implies a certain selectiveness
rayan flag, banner
re post-vocalic var. of are sent. conj., rel. marker
recek (vi) to fall, tip over; çurecek ~ cakrece(k)-recek
unsteady, about to fall; rundecek to knock/tip s.t. over; cakrecek
to fall to the ground, get knocked over, collapse
rembaci to scold; cakrembaci to get scolded; <rembak
rembak to punish; andrembak punishment;
cakrembak get punished, suffer punishment (implies: severely), (legal)
cakrembak-omer get "punished to the full extent of the law"
rendik (vt) to twist (see also murendik)
renja to really desire or want (stronger than teca, with which
is is ult. related); (irreg.) arenja such a desire, lust, esp. sexual;
karenja (colloq. krenja) (vt) to covet; ...liri (vi) be
envious or jealous of...; akrenja ~krenja+poss. envy, jealousy,
covetousness; cakrenja (hum., nom.) overcome by jealousy, "green with
envy"; (dat) or syn. hañukrenja having a jealous or envious nature
reçel (vt) to trade, swap; andreçel trade, commerce in genl.; andreçenga(le) commercial; añareçel (n.) an exchange, trade
ret (onomat.) rip, tear
ri (~i if the neighboring word begins/ends with
r)(prep.) with dative, to; with acc. at, in, on; many prep. expressions
ri + noun + noun.; with gen., at the home of, ri arani... at
(place of business, shop, etc)
ricañ the knee; see also iricañ
rikas a show, performance (e.g. on stage, TV, movie etc.)--ult. < rundikas caus. of tikas
rimbik drizzle, mist (see ripa)
rimbur austere, severe
rimevi expensive, costly; ta... ~tramevi inexpensive; see also
mevi
rinda music; kerinda musician; cindarinda the musical scale
rindi (vi) to stop, cease; çurindi come to a stop;
rundindi to stop s.t.; cakrindi come to a sudden halt (lit.,
fig.); of traffic, blocked; tarindi ceaseless(ly), endless(ly), without
stopping
rindikañu to stop/block a telepathic message or probe-- a difficult technique
rini (vi) to fly; necu ... to dive; foya ...
air-sick(ness); cakrini (of a chip or fragment) to fly off;
cakrini-rini id. in quantity, in all directions; see also tur,
turin
rinjumuñ to chant, intone (<rinju+ñumuñ)
rinjura (short rinju is more common, esp. in derivs.) to sing
(esp. of adults); kandrinju(ra) singer; kandrinju lato (arch.)
"wandering singer", troubadour;andrinju(ra) song; rinjaros "morning song"-- a literary/musical genre usu.expressing joy, hopefulness, anticipation, etc.; rinjoret "night/evening song"-- a literary/musical genre usu.expressing sadness or weariness at an ending, regret/disappointment at things done or left undone etc.
ripa (n) rain; pl. the rainy season; yaripa ~yale ripa
it's raining; cakripa (of a person) to be caught in the rain; (of weather) to be raining hard, a downpour; ripa-ripa a brief shower; rimbik drizzle, mist; çuripaç (of the rainy season) approaching, about to begin; rundipa (fig.) to rain (s.t.) down on (s.o.)
riçatra to have sex outside one's own species but within the family
Hominidae, a practice generally avoided by the Kash (borr. < the Galactic
language, with thanks to J.Cowan and apologies to Larry Niven)
ritan here; ritandi right here
riti the tiller/rudder of a boat; kandriti ~triti steersman/
helmsman of a boat
riyan there (nearby); riyandi right there
riyena (at) where? (see also karinena)
riyene (to) where?
riyeni (from) where?
riyun there (far, yonder); riyundi way over there (but at a
specific place)
ro the number two; kuró second; (note dissim. in redup.:
loro two by two, each two, lorongo two hundred); roka(le)
double; twin (see the separate listing); loro+poss. both (of...); andoro a pair, set of two matching items; andoroni (its) mate, the other one of a pair (esp. if missing);
çukaró (vi) to split in two; rundoro to double s.t.; see also rona
roka twin, spec. of children: ana ... ~androka twin(s)-- like
all multiple births, rare amongst the Kash; (ana) roka kuwa ~(and)rokuwa
identical twins; (ana) roka çunu ~(and)rocunu fraternal twins; these terms
are considered units, and case endings/possessive sfxs. go on the last term--
ana rokami my twins/twin children; yarungamon ana roka kuwaye
(~androkuwaye) she gave birth to identical twins. The reduced compds. are
more colloq. Parents always include ana ...; when referring to one's own twin
sibling, one simply says roka(mi). Plural forms are not used; as
subject of a verb, however, ana roka... calls for the plural
subject-pfx.-- ana rokani (~androkani) loroni mende iyukar kandumbrala
her twins have both become doctors
rona in proper names, second child-- properly used only by royal and
aristocratic families, but often affected by the nouveaux-riches
rondoñ (also colloq. rondroñ, rondondroñ) (vi) to make a
low-pitched purring sound (esp. of some animals, also fig. of e.g. a motor); see
also muru-muru
ronek cold; çukronek get cold; rundonek make s.t. cold;
cakronek overcome by cold, "chilled to the bone"; ronenek(i) a
little cold, chilly
rongo hundred(s); erongo a quantity/set of 100, the Kash
"gross"
rop (onomat) fall forward, fall on one's face; cakróp to fall
forward/on one's face
roçe (n.anim.) the sea, ocean; roçembik a sea (i.e. a
smaller,definable portion of an ocean); ñondroçe a bay, large inlet
(<niyon+roçe)
rota deck, of a ship
rowak (n, vb) flood; çurowak (of rivers, tide e.g.) beginning
to rise; rundowak to flood s.t. (deliberately, as a field);
cakrowak severely flooded, inundated; androwak ~surowak (more
formal, n.only) a flood; kotroçe (cak)rowak storm surge, tidal surge
rucunu (vt) to change, alter s.t.(<çunu)
rukan lip(s) (of the mouth)
rukit a faucet or spigot; paha... to open/turn on id., lipet... to close/turn off id.
rumale (caus.) to create (<ale)
rumanat (caus.) to whiten, to whitewash, paint white
(<vanat)
rumbaha (caus.) to open s.t. (<paha)
rumbat (math.) to multiply; andrumbat multiplication;
pat (math.slang) times, multiplied by (ult. < rumbando
<pando)
rumbatra (caus.) to break s.t.(<matra)
rumbende (caus.) to finish, complete (<mende)
rumbo (aux) may (permission)
rumbole (caus.) to enable, make possible (<pole)
rumek (vt) to cause, bring about; to make (s.o. do s.t.); the caus.
pfx. rum- is deriv.
ruminji (caus.) to rejuvenate (<inji)
rundahan (caus.) to feed (<nahan)
rundakale (caus.) to annihilate (<tak ale)
rundana (vt) to imitate or copy s.o.; to make a copy of s.t. (see
orana)
rundek tolerant; (politically) liberal; porundek (vt) to
tolerate
rundikas (caus.) to show, to exhibit (<tikas)
rundiris (caus.) to frighten (<tiris, liris)
rundondo (caus.) to fill s.t. (<londo)
rundumbra (caus.) to heal, to cure s.o. (<tumbra)
rundunji (caus.) to introduce s.o. (<nunji) Erek me
ya... Minan Erek introduced me to Mina; Erek man ne ya... Erek
introduced her to me.
rungi (liri...) excited, enthusiastic (about...);
andrungi excitement, enthusiasm; çurungi (liri...)
becoming/ getting excited; carungi very or overly excited;
(inanim.) very exciting. NB for the causative, one uses rungayi
to excite, to animate (< kayi) , of which rungi is
(originally) a colloq. variant. See also caruki
rungombra (caus.) to kill (<kombra)
ruñur to growl (see also kruñ)
rupasan (caus.) to heat s.t. (<fasan)
rus (~cakrús) moldy, mildewed, musty
ruvon to rub, massage; andruvon a massage;
kandruvon masseur/masseuse; <ruvondruvon to rub up against each other (sign of affection);
cakruvon chafed, made sore by rubbing
ruwi (vi) to flow; çuruwi (of the tide) beginning to rise;
andruwi current (in water); cakruwi caught in a strong current,
swept away; ... celica electric current; note irreg. uwi in
(ma/ha/ya-)wuwi male's slang for the sexual climax, to be "coming"; see
also andruyonam
See also the Supplement
L (Fourteenth letter of hakanga, called la, a
denti-alveolar lateral, IPA [l].)
la- prefix to form the comparative of some adjs. (ult.
<lavi)
laca a table; lacuri a desk
lahu the ankle (the med. and correct term; see also ñukace)
lakon school; lakongure lower or elementary school;
lakonandru upper or high school
lalambrik a small bottle, vial; (chem.) test-tube
lalap the last day of the 7-day week; as a Spirit, considered
masculine; the smaller of Cindu's two moons (var. of yalalap)
lalaru a straw for sipping (of any material); a glass tube; glass
tubing (as used e.g. in a laboratory)
laléñ better; rundaleñ to make better, to improve
lali to sing, esp. of children and tukrim (implies a higher
pitch than rinjura)
lalisam (vt) to prefer (see lisam)
lalu a party, festival; kandalu one who gives a party,
host/hostess; laluka(le) party-like, festive; suitable for a party
(e.g. clothing, food, decor)
lama (vt) to share, participate in; (n.) share, portion of s.t.;
andama (business) partnership; kandama (business) partner;
lambraka (bus.) majority interest, majority shareholding;
kandambraka senior or controlling partner in a business venture; see also
vetrama, tama
lamba any large, broad sheet of cloth: bedsheets; most spec. a ship's
sail(s)
lambin soap, in genl.: lambindulus (colloq. tulus)
ordinary (fine, not harsh) soap for washing the hands or face (< old Gwr.
lu-lus); lambate (harsh) laundry soap or detergent for washing
things (...+mate hard); lambinjut liquid soap/shampoo for washing
the fur, or the body
landero parasol, sun-shade (ult. <lolan)
landiñ bank (financial inst.)
lando (vi) to float, be afloat (in water); çulando (formal) to
launch a vessel; polando buoyant; trapolando non-buoyant; (irreg.)
rulando to float s.t., move s.t. by floating; andando ~landoni
buoyancy; cakalando (mar.) unsteady because too high in the water;
(irreg.) calando flotsam, e.g. driftwood, wreckage; landoro a
raft; landrayi a barge
landripa umbrella (for rain)(ult. <lolan)
landru high, lofty; upper; rundandru to raise up, to elevate;
andandru height; a high place; landruni height (of s.t.);
cakalandru afraid of heights
lani which (of two or more)? Interrog. pron. and adj., irreg.
declension.
lanji(ni) colloq. var. of alanji(ni) since, since then
lanot (vt) to add to, to insert; andanot (colloq., more common
tanot tenon (construction/woodworking term), see also licolek,
colek
lañ-lañ (note pl. lañ-lañ-ila i.e., both ñ's are
pronounced as [ŋ]) the indigenous inhabitants of Yanatros who number approx.
300,000 and live in a reserved autonomous area in the mountainous interior of
the island, mainly in Kavatu. Primarily hunter-gatherers with some subsistence
agriculture, they evince little desire to assimilate to, or even visit, the
outside world. They are physically similar (though of different colors) to Kash
but apparently a distinct species-- interbreeding is never successful; and they
are poor telepaths. Their origin/evolution is not clearly understood. In their
language, Prevli-- which is unrelated to any other on Cindu-- they call
themselves [laʔlaŋ],
plural [laʔlaŋta]
lañon slang for lolañon-- see lolan
laprici (colloq.) a little bit more, a little extra (implied, e.g. to
a merchant: a little extra, for free), another helping of food, "lagniappe"
laprit extra, in addition, left over; tahanaprit (colloq.
(ta)naprit left-over food
laraka bigger, larger
laranda (vt) to achieve, succeed at/in...; be effective, "work" (as,
the medicine worked; that plan won't work); andaranda,
achievement, success; (irreg.) kandanda a successful person;
cakaranda (to have) a sudden/unexpected success; a windfall (ult. related
to rata
lariñ (vt) to lament, mourn (in some outward, visible way; cf.
avan); andariñ such lamentation, mourning; parandalariñ the
mourning chant for the dead
larok the float of an outrigger canoe; float(s) of a fishing net;
laroci a life-jacket
laso (vi) to go astray, wander off; lose one's way (in this sense,
also ...ratu, ...vunu); rundaso to lead astray, to seduce;
cakalaso lose one's way, get lost (of hum.); ...krece (of a train)
to derail, go off the rails; ...ratu (of a vehicle) to go off the road--
also, ñakrece/ñaki cakalaso; ...kota/pila lose one's train of
thought; andaso a detour; laso-laso wandering around (lost)
lato (vi) to wander, roam; andato wandering, vagabondage,
homelessness; kandato a wanderer, vagabond; rundato (arch.) to
exile, expel from the community (an ancient punishment)
latoki (colloq., also toki) a jitney cab/bus (no fixed route,
often unlicensed); see also ñaki lato
latondrele (n.anim.) planet (compd. lato ri nele)
lavi more; çulavi to increase (vi); rundavi to increase
(vt); andavi majority; lavini the majority/better part of,
more/most of...; lavi-omban more or less; lavi-lavini(po)
moreover, in addition, furthermore; (colloq.) et cetera; (as adj/n.) even more (of s.t.)
lawu-pa (pron. láu pá) a type of flat bread, sim. to pita
(< Gwr)
layakraya a lighthouse (shortened to kraya in mariners' usage),
< layar+haya
layar a tower; in modern usage, any tall building
layot to plan, organize; andayot a plan; planning, organization (of s.t.); kandayot planner
1. -le (~ -ale after cons.) sfx. that forms the
infinitive/gerund of verbs.
2. -le dear -- (no stress shift) affectionate sfx. for terms of
address/vocative , e.g. kambrale my dear friend, çenjile dear
Shenji-- also appropriate as salutation of an informal letter
lecele the extra day of a leap-year (a holiday) if it occurs at a
solstice or equinox (lit., wait day); see also lekrandam
lecit to curl up (as some animals do when sleeping); as adj., curled up; lecikumbe (of animals or people) to cuddle together for warmth or affection
leka to dispute, argue; leka-mandeka (liri...) to argue about;
cakaleka argumentative
lekrandam the extra day of a leap-year (a holiday) if it occurs
mid-month (lit., dance day); see also lecele
lele (colloq.) garden; see ilele
lelenup spoon, ~teaspoon (smaller than lenup)
leleñ good, ethical; righteous (<leñ)
lemba (math.) area (< Gwr le ba)
lembo (adv.) well; (colloq.) OK, good! (leñ+ -po)
lembrim the first day of the 7-day week (ult. <lero+mim)
lembruluñ late afternoon, approx. 1400 to sunset, when the heat is less intense (< lero+vuluñ)
lemet lightweight interior louvred shutters, to provide ventilation as well as privacy, common in the tropics in lieu of glazed windows
lendi an old pseudo-nominal <leñ+ -ni, now used only in
some formal fixed expressions-- lendi lero good day; lendi
ondre good evening-- in lieu of nurak, manomo or kinunji
to individuals or groups whom one sees regularly; lendi çeva bon
voyage, have a good trip!; lendi nahan bon appetit, enjoy your meal!
lendup (vt) to mix, blend; stir up; kralendup stir up
violently, roil
lenjir (vt) to coil, coil up; roll or wind up, e.g. a rope, hose; (vi)
to coil or roll up the body (or part thereof), as certain lizards, snakes, fish
and insects do; also as n., a coil (as in some electrical devices); any object
of such shape; cakalenjir coiled/rolled up improperly, in a tangle
lenjis (vt) to repair; çulenjis to be/become repaired;
rundenjis to have s.o. repair s.t.; tralenjis in need of repair,
in bad repair/condition
lenup a ladle, large serving spoon
leñ good (in almost all senses except the ethical); lembo well,
e.g. lembo yamunuksa he played/competed well; (colloq.) OK! good!;
lendeñ really good/well, excellent(ly); lendalañ (idiom) for good or ill; see also laléñ, caléñ, lendi;
leleñ
leña tear-drop; cakaleña (of the eyes) to water; kraleña
any watery/runny abnormal discharge from the eyes
leñaña (vi) to cry, shed tears; caleñaña (nom) to break into
tears; be reduced to tears; (dat.) given to crying, overly emotional; be a
cry-baby
lepes to call/name (as...), e.g. ne yalepes feliyo he called
him a fool; uku (yu) milepes we call that "uku" ~ that's called...;
rundepes to describe; andepes ~lepesni description;
arandepes title, term of address; (gram.) proper noun
lepurik (vt) to bury s.t. (cf. çarok)
lero (n.anim.) the sun; yale... it is sunny; çulero
becoming sunny, clearing up; more spec. the dry season is approaching/beginning;
rundero put s.t. out in the sun to dry; cakalero overcome by heat,
have a heat- or sun-stroke; see also lecele, lekrandam
lero (n.neut) day (meas. of time, 20 aroç); daytime (opp. night);
mesa/ro ... cosa one/two/etc. ...day(s) ago; lero-lero, lelero
(adv.) daily, every day; (adj.) leroka(le) daily; lerowaka
(<lero+raka) holiday; (ri) yuno leroç amaraç forever,
eternally; yuno... ~... yuno all day, the whole day; mesa leroni
one day, "once upon a time"; ri leroç cosa in days gone by
lerondecóç the "Good Old Days", often ironic esp. with ref. to pre-Destruction times
leçe poor, needy; andeçe poverty; keleçe pauper;
çuleçe to become poor, to be "going down in the world"; rundeçe to
impoverish s.o., esp., to cheat s.o. out of their money; cakaleçe to go
bankrupt; lose a lot of money e.g. by foolish spending, gambling, speculation
letrata tomorrow (compd. lero+rata); letratamés
(properly letrata i mesa) day after to-morrow (syn. sapat,
sapamés)
letrayu today (compd. lero+tayu)
levur (vt) to regret; (vt, impers.) be sorry, e.g. me yalevur
(liri..., lire...) I'm sorry (about/for..., that...); cakalevur feel
guilty; andevur apology, expression of regret (for some wrong), velandevur ~kotandevur to give/make ~say an apology, to apologize
leyal safe, out of danger; rundeyal to save/rescue s.o/s.t.
(syn. yunek; andeyalsafety
li the basic unit of measure, slightly longer than a metre (1.1171m.
or 43.98 in.)
lica (vt) to cut; trapolica dull (of a tool/knife);
andica slice of..., strip of; lilica to carve, slice (food);
licakan to carve, whittle, shape with a knife or other tool;
licarak to cut off (large pieces), to amputate; licamik to cut up;
licahá to dice (food); licecut to shave off the fur;
cakalica to cut oneself accid.; lica-lica (vt) to slash at, hack
at, stab...; lica-tumbra ~licumbra (med.) surgery, surgical operation;
id. ~ mepu... to perform id.; kena... to undergo id.; see also
tica, licolek); liconoç to neuter an animal-- of males, to
castrate; of females, to spay (a rare procedure)
licolek (colloq. colek is more common) mortise
(construction/wood-working term) < lica+olek; mecolek to
cut/make a mortise; colek-tanot mortise and tenon; see also tanot
licucu mush (pej., usu. refers to food)
licun (cooking term) to mash/puree, of soft or cooked things; andicun a puree; see also licucu (<
lica+cun)
likat tavern, bar (for drinking only; considered somewhat
disreputable); (rural and almost obs.) a temporary hut built in the fields at
harvest time, where someone stayed to protect the crops from thieves or foraging
animals; in certain traditional tribal areas, the unmarried men's house
lilisam (vt) to adore, dote on (<lisam)
limbe (vt) to put on, don; to wear; elimbe clothing; limbekuwa (military) uniform, (servant's) livery; limbeliya to cross-dress-- a rather formal term;
usu.colloq.peliya; (irreg.) kambeliya a cross-dresser, transvestite
(with genuine desire/intent to appear as the other sex)-- could also
refer to a trans-gendered person although that is rare among the
Kash; peliçi ~capeliçi and noml. kambeliçi id.,
but with less serious intent, more in fun-- e.g. for a costume party;
to be or go in drag; kandimbe (nobility) a lady's personal maid; limbekuwa common colloq. pronunciation of elimbekuwa uniform, livery
limu a k.o. semi-sweet wine
lin (anat.) the jaw(s), jawbone; puño lin the chin
linde limited, restricted, constrained; (as noun) limit, restriction, restraint;
rundinde to limit, restrict s.t., set a limit on...; tralinde unlimited,
etc.; catralinde (pej.) unconstrained, knowing no bounds, "beyond the pale"
lindilus glove(s), gauntlet
linganin a rug or carpet
lingaran shoe(s) (to cover the entire foot); lingandrak boot(s)
lipacema (vt, myth.) to control s.o. by magical means, by a spell; to
enchant, enthrall (fig/lit.); calipacema possessed, esp. by a spirit
(ult. < lipat+çehama)
lipat (vt) to capture, catch; (gram.) bound (morpheme); andipat
a trap, snare; kelipat a captive, hostage; cakalipat caught up in..., involved in...(in a bad way); çuña-lipat to kidnap; see also pundipat
lipakañu lit., capture the mind: to exert mind-control over s.o.; andipakañu (n.) mind-control; kandikañu one who exercises mind control; (irreg.) candikañu (vb) to be under the control of..., e.g. ne candikañu keyopori 'he is/was under the control of an Alien'. This is the most general term; it is usually done with permission, for some specific purpose (e.g. to relay an Alien's message in spoken form, or perhaps to perform some [legitimate] act that the controller is unable to do). It must be carefully done, with no more force than necessary, since mental damage can result. Very few Kash are able to do it; some of the Aliens, however, are quite skilled, and have been known to misuse the power
lipembet (vt) to wrap, envelop (<lipet)
lipet (vt) to close, to cover; andipet a covering, wrapping;
envelope; lipetni lid, box-top etc.
liprap (vi) to blink the eyes; lipa-lipra ~lipraci very
quickly, "in the blink of an eye"
lire see liri
liri (redup. ri) about, with respect to, concerning, as to;
lire id., when followed by a sentence (contr. <liri are...,
also used but very formal)
liris (vt) to fear, be afraid of; rundiris to frighten;
cakaliris overcome by fear, "scared to death, scared out of one's wits";
andiris fear; liri-liris uneasy, fearful; see also tirak,
tiris
lisam (vt) to like; lisa-lisam (vb) (be) favorite, e.g.
etengi re malisa-lisam my favorite book; lalisam (vt) to prefer;
lisandalisam like it or not; see lilisam
livek long, both in size and (fig.) extent/duration (but not "a long
time", see pandaçu); rundivek to lengthen s.t.; andivek ~
livekni length; (ri) livengi... (prep.)along
liya other, another; liya-liya each other, one another;
(preverbal) respectively, mutually; liya-liyani one after the other;
liyani otherwise; i liyani and others, et al.; et cetera, interchangeable with i lusokni q.v. sub lusok
liyalo(ni) (preferably without -ni) (adv.) besides, (as prep.) aside from (+gen.); strictly speaking, liyu a sound, in genl.; liyuni (colloq.) (make) the sound of..., e.g. cun, cun, liyuni hiciçni his teeth went(made the sound of) "grind, grind", more formal meniyu to make/give off a sound, as hiciçni imeniyu cun, cun
loca season (of the year); locaka(le) seasonal;
locangasi spring; locaripa the rainy season; localero
~locafasan the hot (dry) season
lofi small boat, usu.of wooden constuction, for personal use;
lofosi ~lofoci such a boat with a sail; lofi çaka a motor-boat;
lofiyak a long, narrow boat, sim.to a canoe; a racing shell; (arch.,
almost obs.) a dugout canoe; the traditional outrigger canoe (more spec.
lofiyatongo ~lofetóñ, lofetók)
loko ~loloko (vi) be fun, in genl, entertaining, enjoyable.; (n.)
loko (~andoko, more formal) fun, pleasurable diversion,
entertainment; rundoko to entertain, amuse s.o.; caloko (dat.)
fun-loving, amusing; (nom.) have a lot of fun, enjoy oneself immensely;
kandoko entertainer (professional); see also ilongo, lokro
lokro (vt) to enjoy, take pleaure in; andokro enjoyment,
pleasure; rundokro to please s.o.; gain the favor of s.o.; (irreg.)
cakokro carefree, devil-may-care; hedonistic
lolan (vt) to protect; andolan protection, s.t. that protects; any sort of protective shield (see also lungara
kandolan protector; (pol.) regent; andolandrehan parachute; ana
... foster-child, ama/inde... foster-parent; lolañon ~lañon a
padded under-garment worn by athletes/workers to protect the genital area
lolok (~lokolok) (n)(humorous) joke, prank, antic; (as adj, vi)
amusing, funny; andolok humor, sense of humor; kelolok an
amusing/funny person, a joker; (irreg.) çukolok to amuse (dat.); note impersonal usage: dat.+....(without pers.pfx.)(liri) be amused (by...), e.g. me çukolok liri kotaçni I was amused by his words (equiv. to kotaçni me içukolok); ta mile çukolok we are not amused; cakolok frivolous (ult. <lolongo)
lolongo fun-loving (see lolok, ilongo)
lombi "the boss" (a somewhat disrespectful term,though sometimes used in informal settings); < Gwr lÿng master, boss + Kash -mi
lomek fertile, productive (of land); rundomek to fertilize;
kandomek fertilizer; tralomek infertile (of soil); kralomek infertile (of people), unable to bear/conceive children
londo full; çulondo filling up, getting full; rundondo
to fill s.t.; cakalondo to overflow; sated, stuffed, from eating;
andondo capacity- (of liquids) usu. with ref. to small/medium-size
containers; rundondo laca to set a table (with dishes, silverware etc.); see also meru
londolop filled to the very top, or overflowing; çulondolop
filling up in such a way; rundondolop to fill s.t. in such a way
longe flint; longece flint and steel (for striking a fire (old); (arch.) the firing mechanism of the old flintlock rifle)
lonip soft to the touch; cakalonip squishy, mushy
lonot sated, satisfied; rundonot to satisfy; andonot
satisfaction, satiety; cakalonot to over-eat, be "stuffed"
lopa an animal sp., about the size of a sheep or goat (domesticated,
raised for food/wool/hides); as food, inanim.; lopra(k) surañ, lopañange,
lopaçu related wild spp.-- some are as large as a deer/llama
lopro a small/medium-size double-hulled boat, catamaran, for
pleasure/sporting use; aposi ... a large, double-hulled (commercial)
vessel
loros (vi) to rest; relax; loloros restful; andoros
leisure, ease; rundoros to put s.o, at ease, to placate; caloros lazy (see also fita)
luhu blood; ... kavatu a dark red/ maroon color reserved to the
Kavatu royal family; anduhu breeding, blood-line, heritage
lukat copper, see also keret luhu
lukeñ unconscious; çulukeñ to fall unconscious, faint;
calukeñ id., more emph., to swoon; caluke-lukeñ to fade in and out
of consciousness (as a sick or dying person might); andulukeñ (med.)
coma; rundukeñ render s.o. unconscious; to knock out; kandukeñ
stun-gun; lulukeñ (vt) to shoot s.o. with a stun-gun (rendering them
unconscious)
lukut (vi) to bleed; cakorem (ca)lukut bleed to death
lulum (vt) to lick; see also lum, elum
lulus done, finished (<lus); (irreg.) çulus coming
to a close; finishing up; rundulus to annihilate; to extinguish;
andulus end; destination; andulusni ~lulusni finally, at last
lum (imit. of licking, "slurp")
luma female, of hum.; (gram.) feminine (gender); see also
kaçuma
lumbacelum (med., polite) oral-anal (sexual) contact
lumbak to come/go home, return home
lumbi general term of respectful address to a woman, "ma'am", esp. to
a stranger, as, a sales-clerk to a customer; lumi + (surname) respectful
title for adult women- Miss, Mrs, Ms.....; see also simbi
lumbit a female servant, maid, in genl.; see also simbit
lumbrelo afternoon, in genl. (orig.colloq., ult. < çelum cindero)
luminji young woman (from approx. puberty to 16-17 or marriage);
lumiñ term of address to such a young woman
lunda ever, once, at some time or other; used to; aka lunda
hanunji minaye? have you ever met Mina? lunda me yasisa she used
to love me; aka lunda cis ne hatikasto? will you ever see him again?
(see also talunda)
lundot tail (of an animal)
lunduñ (n.) a shelter, place to shelter o.s/s.t.; refuge; (of animals)
den, lair; (as vi) to shelter (o.s.) (in, under, etc.); tralunduñ (be)
unprotected; unsheltered; catralunduñ id., but connotes a difficult or
dire situation; without recourse; mepu/minja/vele ... to make/seek/give
shelter
luneyu oxygen (O) (< Gwr. pure air)
lungara (obs.) a warrior's shield
lunjur smooth; (naturally) furless; tralunjur rough (texture)
lupap a lump, small growth (~wart, skin-tag) on the human body; (as
adj.) rough, bumpy (as the skin of certain "lizards" and fish)
lupat murky, troubled (of water or other normally clear fluids);
cakalupat obscure, incomprehensible
lurap to spit, spit out; (n.) spit, spittle
lurin candle (orig. referred to nuts/oil of the alurit tree)
lurundi (prep.) instead (of), e.g. sawu lurundi poren water
instead of wine; as adv., syn. with mowa-mowa, cf. mipila numba ñaki,
mowa-mowa miharan or mipila numba ñaki, lurundi miharan (~miharan
lurundi) we planned to go by car, (but) instead we walked. lurundi
re... when followed by a sentence, e.g. lurundi re miharan, minumba
ñaki instead of walking, we went by car.
lurup weak (fig. and lit.); çulurup becoming weak, weakening;
rundurup to weaken; andurup weakness; cakalurup (nom.)
suddenly overcome by weakness; lose one's grip on s.t.
lus end, ending; last
lusok (vt) to follow; kandusok follower (lit.), adherent of
(fig.); andusok s.t. that follows, result, conslusion, consequence;
lulusok pursue, chase; persecute, bedevil ~cakalusok to be
persecuted, bedevilled; lusongi +acc. (prep.) following, according to, in
accord with; (as adv.) as follows...; luso-lusok successive, one after
the other ( a sequence of events not necessarily related)--contrast
kake-lusok id. of logically related events; i lusokni and so forth, i lusok liyani and so forth and so on...
luç (slang, somewhat impolite) sexually promiscuous anduç
promiscuity; añaluç perversion, any sexual practice outside accepted
norms, e.g. sado-masochism, bestiality; kañaluç pervert; lalu luç
(sexual) orgy; see luçu
luçi see luçu
luçu (vi.) to mate, of animals; çuluçu coming into
heat/oestrus, of animals; runduçu to breed animals, i.e. commercially;
anduçu mating season, oestrus period, of animals; luçu + poss. the
mate of an animal; irreg. cakalúç(u) (of animal) a good breeder; (of
people, impolite) over-sexed, promiscuous, (jocularly) sexy, "hot"); lalu
luç(u), lalu cakalúç(u) sexual orgy; luç ~luçi jocular but somewhat
disrespectful term for one's wife or significant other.
See also the Supplement
F (Fifteenth letter of hakanga, called fa, voiceless
bilabial or labio-dental fricative, IPA [φ] (X-SAMPA [P]) or [f])
facol lonely, desolate, isolated (of a place); cakafacol
stranded, marooned
faki ~faci to bet, wager; make a...; apaki (colloq.
paki) a bet, wager; kapaki bettor; cakafaki addicted to
gambling (NB the forms with /-c-/ are considered slightly colloq., but either
may occur); the irreg.deriv. yumbraki gambling place, casino, occurs only
with /-k-/; see also papaki
fakri a leavening agent in cookery and brewing-- usu.cooked
uku that has been allowed to ferment (sim.to sourdough starter).
fakus a flute used by the Lañ-lañ people, usu. made from a human arm
or leg bone
falaka the head; puño... crown of the head; falapatap
hard-headed, stubborn; falapasak fever, feverish
fale a market, marketplace
famboli slang term for a male Kash of "average" (1.8 li) height
(irreg. <fapola li); see also kemboli
fanan slow; fanapanan slowly, carefully; çufanan to slow
down; rupanan to slow s.t. down, to brake; cakafananextremely
slow, dawdling
fandat late, slow in arriving; delayed; rupandat to delay, put
off, postpone; cakafandat extremely late, overdue; see also caki
fande blind; çufande becoming blind; (of the day) getting
toward dusk; rupande to blind s.o.; cakafande totally blind (esp.
if by accident), blinded
fanu ~fan the number eight (the short form is stressed in compounds,
e.g. folafán eighteen
faram warm; çuparam becoming warm, warming up; ruparam to warm s.t.; cakafaram too warm, uncomfortably warm; aparam ~parañi warmth; traparam ~faraparam tepid, lukewarm
farek (vi) to depart, set out, set forth on a journey, often in compd.
with kasi...; ...fosi to set out, set forth; to embark, set sail
fasak (vi, med.) feverish; have a fever; apasak ~pasak+poss.
fever; çupasak become feverish; cakafasak overcome by/suffering
from a high fever; (common, colloq) falapasak fever, feverish
fasan hot; çufasan getting hot, heating up; rupasan to
heat s.t.; cakafasan to suffer a heat-stroke; trafasan tepid
fatap strong, harsh (e.g. of flavors, behavior); strict; cakafatap
~fatatap said of s.o. who seems needlessly strict/demanding, a stickler for
details, a "pain in the ass"; ...tarambu strictly forbidden, ...
vatip strictly personal/confidential; hañufatap hard-hearted;
falapatap hard-headed, stubborn (cf. also çendek)
fatik spotted, blotchy (usu. of animal fur with irreg. markings, but
could refer to a picture or painting)
fekrim a dagger
fekrop (~fefekrop) slightly sticky, tacky; see fengop
feles a screw (fastener); mepeles ~peles (vt) to screw s.t.;
irreg. cakapeles to strip the threads of a screw
felíç (interj.) fool! you fool! cf. feliyo
feliyo foolish, silly; (n) fool; feliçi) foolishness,
silliness, nonsense; feliyoç a pej. term for the Gwr people
fenefet a weasel/ferret-like mammal sp., preys on tecu
fengop (vi) to stick, adhere; sticky; rupengop to stick s.t.,
glue s.t.; apengop (colloq. pengop) glue; cakafengop to get
stuck, stuck together, jammed (lit and fig.)
fetrak a bolt (fastener); (irreg.) petrak to bolt s.t.; bolted;
capetrak firmy bolted down, firmly in place; (fig.) immobilized (e.g.
from fear); immoveable (e.g. of opinion); fetracumbet a bolt with its
matching nut; see also çumbet
ficas (liri...) (vi) to complain (about...); apicas
complaint; kapicas complainant, (legal) plaintiff, suer; (irreg.)
filambicas (colloq.) to make/file a complaint, (legal) to sue, bring
suit against (cf. formal uhiyomer); fifiyacu a chronic complainer, a
malcontent; cafiyacu be a chronic complainer/malcontent (these <
**ficacu by haplology < ficas+çu; ult.rel. to fikas/vingas)
fici see cucifici
fifiyacu see ficas
fikan (~ange...) a tree sp. whose leaves can be used for fine
sanding/polishing; epikan the leaves so used; see pikan
fikanga sandpaper (usu. commercially made, not from fikan,
syn. kaprikan; see pikan
fikas (vi) to protest, object (the thing protested/objected to is
expressed with liri...); apikas objection, protest;
cakafikas always argumentative, protestatious; be a nay-sayer; have a
negative attitude
filambicas see ficas
filan (vt) to bring, take, carry; apilan a load; the capacity
of s.t.; kefilan (colloq. kefin) a porter; kapilan any
relatively small device for carrying things e.g. a hand-truck (dolly), pushcart,
wheel-barrow; filapilan a souvenir, s.t. brought back as a gift/memento
from a trip (usu. s.t. typical of the place one has visited); see also
epilan, kambilak
findoro (vt) to juggle (things); (vi) be a juggler; kapindoro
juggler
findu door, doorway, gate, entrance; ekapindu a door (the
actual object)
finja var. of minja--occurs only in furi-finja the game of hide-and-seek
(see furik, minja)
firo (vt) to toss, throw (with no or poor aim); rupiro to eject
s.o. or s.t.; to evict; cakafiro (in a game) to throw the ball away;
(irreg.) piro a ball
fiça (kere(t) ...) the metal tin, Sn; kapiça tinsmith;
see also miça
fita ~cakafita lazy (syn. caloros, see loros)
fitros ecstatic, rapturous, paradisical; derivs. have irreg.
p-: çupitros becoming so...; rupitros to cause such
feelings in s.o.; cakapitros overcome by, or seeking, such feelings,
perhaps to the exclusion of all else; as n. ecstasy, rapture, paradise-- any
state of extreme pleasurable feeling; kepitros (colloq. kepico)
s.o. who causes such feelings in one, esp. a lover, one's ideal, one's
"dreamboat"
fiyan (interrog.) how much? how many? how....? e.g. ... yaçangi
~(colloq.)... çangini how sick is he? ...pehandi how old
are you?
focip (vt) to touch, abut, adjoin, be/come in contact with;
apocip (geog.) boundary line; rupocip to place in contact with, to
connect, join (physically); cakafocip overly crowded, jammed;
asipocip (geom.) line tangent to a circle/sphere
-fola ~ -pola ten(s); epola a quantity/set of 10, the Kash
"dozen"; in counting: mepola ten (mes+fola), rofola 20,
sipola 30, hafola 40, nipola, kepola, sopola, fapola,
sapola-- there is a growing tendency to use -pola in all cases.
kufola tenth (ordinal, fraction); fola-fola by tens, every ten;
folames eleven, folaro 12, folasit, folaha, folanim, folaket,
folasot, folafan, folasan-- all stressed on the final syll.
fonjikañu lit., touch the mind-- generally, the first step in establishing a telepathic relationship
fonjip (vt) to touch, feel s.t.; hit the target; aponjip
target; añafonjip sense of touch; cakafonjip to touch or fondle
s.o. in an inappropriate way, esp. sexually; fonji-fonjip (police slang) to search s.o. (e.g. for a weapon) by patting them down
forit torch; foceli flashlight; forici headlight(s) of a
ñaki
fosi (vi) to sail, travel by boat; çuposi to set sail (see also
farek); ruposi to sail/pilot a ship; aposi boat, ship; aposi oprañol spaceship; aposi-inde mother-ship; aposici shuttle-craft (small spaceship for short trips)
kaposi ~kefosi sailor; angefosi crew of a ship
fowet (vi,vt) to owe, be in debt; çupowet to go into debt, fall
into debt; apowet ~fowet+poss debt; kapowet debtor;
cakafowet deeply in debt, in financial difficulty; tefo (colloq.,
<te fowet) an IOU, chit, marker-- informal, but legally binding.
foya nausea; çufoya ~cakafoya (become/feel) nauseated;
...roçe sea-sick(ness); ...rini air-sick(ness); apoya
motion sickness, in genl.; fofoya groggy, as when emerging from unconsciousness or the effects of a drug
foyayan (vi) to shine, twinkle, glitter (see also efoyan)
fufu (coarse) hum. or anim. excrement, shit; fuf an interj.
fum onomat. 'boom', sound of an explosion
fundoñ roof of a house/building; rupundoñ to roof
fup (onomat., coarse) a fart; cafúp, cakafúp to fart
furik (vi) hidden; to hide, be hiding; rupurik to hide s.t.;
apurik a mystery; furi-finja the game "hide-and-seek"; see also
yumburi, purik
fuçan sleeve of a garment
fuwi (vt) to blow on; play a flute; fufuwi (vi) to whistle,
make a whistling sound; epuwi a flute
See also the Supplement
P (Sixteenth letter of hakanga, called pa, voiceless
to semi-voiced bilabial stop, IPA [p])
paci a hole, opening in s.t.; pacimak nostril(s);
(paci+imak); paciçun eye-socket; pacelum (med., polite)
the anus; pacinák the mouth (humorous); pacifút ~cifút the anus,
"asshole" (vulg.);see also pacik, panji
pacik eyelet-- small hole or fixture for attaching
e.g. laces, hooks; viyu-pacik hook-and-eye fastener
pacili a common "hybridized" alternative of cili 1000 li, the
Cindu "kilometer" (pa- contr. <amba thousand)
pacun any powder ~powdery material; (colloq. often refers to medicines
in genl. or in powder form); pacumbacun powdery; çupacun become
powdery, disintegrate; rumbacun to grind/make s.t. into a powder;
pacupum, pacukuç gunpowder; see also cumate
pafut (colloq., somewhat coarse) have a bowel movement; see
hukopaful
paha (vi) open; çupaha to open up, become open; rumbaha
to open s.t.; cakapaha to fly open, burst open suddenly; ambaha an opening, way in, means of access
pahan (vi) to breathe (cf. ufahan); kambahan lung; ambahan ~pahan+poss. (act of) breathing; pahandus (vi, lit., breathe-last) to breathe one's last, a polite term for "to die"; (irreg., slang) cakapandus id., but disrepectful; (fig.) to make one's "last gasp"-- final, perhaps desperate, argument or effort; ambahandus the various ceremonies and rituals carried out just before/after someone's death
paka see pañ
pakapum (vt) to shoot (with a gun)
pakivak pop.term for ~spiders and certain crustaceans: ...roçe
(marine or riverine) ~shrimp; pakipakrak ~lobster (<baki; mostly
scavengers; most aquatic spp.are edible, land spp. are generally not)
pakrakutuñ the 4th rank of nobility, below anoras; like anoras,
may be appointed to provincial governorships (contr. pakrutuñ also
occurs)
pakrali (colloq) can/bottle opener, see kambakrala
pakran (vt) to kill; ambakran weapon, in genl.; kambakran killer, murderer; capakran to get killed, usu. violently
pakruça to extinguish a fire (pakran+huça)
palaraka imposing, impressive, majestic, splendid, magnificent (syn. tambok)
palo undershorts (obs., loincloth)
palut a coastal (salt-water) marsh or swamp
pambara black; irreg. derivs.-- çumbara becoming black,
blackening; rumbara to make s.t. black; ambara(ni) blackness; in
compds., usu. -mbara
pambi (colloq., slang) toy, child's plaything-- ult. < nursery
speech, see kambam(i)
pambraka thousand million, billion (109) (contracted redup.
of amba-ambraka)
pambun to descend, come down; to land; dismount, get off of, get out of (e.g. a car); rumbambun to send/bring down; to land an airship; ambambum descent, landing
pambut to descend (from-- in a family lineage); ambambut descent, heritage; anapambut descendant (compd. with ana child)
panar (n) prop, support; (vt) to prop up, support; ambanar a
prop, support, reinforcement; rumbanar to reinforce; offer or give
support/backing to; panace crutch(es); panaci a cane, walking
stick
pandaçu(ni) (adv.) (for)(a) long time; (irreg.) pandacosa a
long time ago; pandacocosa ~pandacosa-cosa a very long time ago
pando much, many, a lot (of), pat- in some compds.; çupando (vi) increase, become more numerous; rumbando to increase (vt); ambando (fin.) profit, ambando-konga profit-and-loss; pando-pando ~papando increasingly; see also rumbat (math.) to multiply; and also pepando
pandu (~panduraka) continent; see also pawundu (< Gwr
bau du 'great land')
pangaçu any large crowd (neutral connotations)
pangorus the color tan
pangoyor a fruit sp., orange in color
panip (vt,vi) to play; papanip playful; pani-panip play
around, fool around; ambanip a game; capani-panip to pretend;
cakapanip to play a trick on; be tricked, fooled (in a playful,
non-malicious way e.g. ne...mili 'he got tricked by us ~we
fooled/tricked him'-- contrast onji)
panji a very vulgar term for the female organs
panjum (vt) to carry on the back
pañ (~paka ~payi [pai] before cons. or for euphony in speech, or poetic metre)
interj., how...! what....! what a....!
pap onomat. 'plop'; cakapáp (person as subj.) to plop down, e.g. on a chair; (thing as subj.) to plop s.t. down, set s.t. down suddenly/awkwardly
papaki to gamble, play at gambling games; (irreg.) apapaki
gambling/games of chance in genl.; (ca)krapaki to gamble away, gamble
foolishly; see also faki
papan (colloq.) lucky, fortunate; (interj.) (also papandi
~pandi) good luck!; papañi luckily, fortunately; trapapan
unlucky, usu. of minor things; as interj. ~trapandi too bad!
(<upapan)-- "bad luck" in inherent/superstitious sense is
cakañol q.v;
papem Kash alternative for cipem (a Gwr word), the Cindu
"kilogram" (pa- <amba+pem)
par- (~pra- before cons.) honorific prefix
parahambesa (usu. e ...) The Creator, First Cause
(par+ahan+mesa)-- often shortened to (e) parahan; see
ahan
paranjak ~pranjak colloq. for paranjanga the legislative
Assembly; see canga
parenende the Sky Spirit (ult. < nele sky), generally benign
but capricious-- sometimes shortened to enende, but that is considered
disrespectful
parun (liri...) solicitous, caring, sympathetic (toward...); to care (about); çuparun be/become concerned, worried about; feel sympathy for; cakaparun fawning, overly protective
pasam pleasant, nice, agreeable; ambasam pleasant/good nature;
(in pl.) etiquette, pleasantries of behavior or conversation; trapasam
unpleasant; impolite
pasop to fit, be the right size; rumbasop to make s.t. fit, adjust to fit; trapasop ill-fitting
paçu a fresh-water marsh or wetland; paçuçup quicksand
patone a mus.instrument, sim.to the accordion/concertina
patrekana the 5th rank of nobility (honorifics par+te +
kana (archaic) 'to stand by, stand ready; ally'
patrun to care for (s.o.), take care of, attend to (s.o. or s.t.)
patu smoke; as vb., smoky; patu-patu (of a fire) smoldering, to
smolder (barely lit); rumbatu to smoke food; kahambatu haze, smoke
hanging in the air
pavas a cave, cavern; pavaçi a small cave, grotto
pawundu continent (<Gwr bau du 'great land'); see also
pandu
pawus slime, scum
payi see pañ
payilip shirt (colloq. pilip is far more common)
payo cape (garment, for warmth); poncho-- generally long, to the knee
or mid-calf; payomik a short cape, tunic/smock, to waist or hip in
length; payo ripa ~payiripa a waterproof raincoat or cape;
payisungar blanket (cape + bed); payorak a loose
caftan-like floor-length garment/robe, usu. put on over the head, but sometimes
opening in front and closed with buttons/hasps or a sash
pe- ~peñ- an obs. pfx. meaning 'having..., possessed of..., -ful'
(<apeña)
pecal frame (picture); decorative moldings; decorative border
pefa free, loose; çupefa to get loose, get free, escape;
cakapefa id., but from a difficult/captive situation; rumbefa to
release, set free
pehan a year, 464 days; pepehan yearly, every year; pehambol
~pehambot decade; pehandrok century; pehanamba millennium;
pehandivek leap-year (465 days) (< ...+livek)
pehaya brilliant, giving off light (e.g. a polished
metal surface, jewels); capehaya too bright/blinding, of
lights; < haya
pekrol ~pekrot meat or mashed vegetable or starch like uku,
formed into a cake or ball, then either sautéed, deep-fried or boiled; see also
pirocik
peliya ~peliçi see limbeliya s.v. limbe
pem 1/1000 cipem, the Cindu "gram"
pembet common, widespread (rel. to tipevet scarce)
pembotán the 19-year period in which 3 leap-years occur
pendoye wealthy; çupendoye to become wealthy, get rich;
prosper; ambendoye prosperity; capendoye (nom.)to be extremely
wealthy, pej. "filthy rich" ~(dat.) to become extremely or suddenly wealthy
pengop (colloq. for apengop) glue; pengopi paste, pasty
mixture; medicinal poultice; see fengop
penjeñ (vi) rotten; çupenjeñ to rot, decompose; cakapenjeñ totally rotten/decomposed (generally a term of disgust, though it might refer [tech.] to skeletal remains at a crime scene)
penjolo ~penjo a foodstuff-- edible semi-solid paste sim. to tofu made
from coloçe-beans
penuwak (vt) to doubt, be doubtful (of); ambenuwak doubt
peña an unpaved road or street; peña-peña a narrow path, an
animal track in the forest
pepando (vi) rich in..., (well) endowed with..., full of... (mostly
fig. usages, somewhat archaic)
pepu(k) (colloq.) drunk, spec. from alcohol (ult.<pe-
+puhi); çupepu(k) to get drunk; cakapepu(k) drunk, very
drunk, soused, "3 sheets to the wind"; see also handato
peçaka powerful, mighty
peçapat miraculous; ambeçapat a miracle;
ahambeçapat to work/perform a miracle (usu.attributed to the
Spirits and implies a magical or inexplicable occurrence);
akambeçapat id., but more figurative or hyperbolic, of
non-Spirit agents-- e.g. kandumbra ya pole ... that doctor can work
miracles; < çapat
peçar elevator/lift in a bldg. (ult. < meçar)
peçaprós a canal-lock (means of raising/lowering a boat); <
peçar+(a)posi; see keçaprós
peçukas (pejor.) odd, eccentric, silly, ridiculous, "crazy"
pete female, of animals
petip a root used for flavoring-- similar to garlic
petu a fluid pem, 1/1000 cipetu (the Kash "litre")
pici (vi) to wink, wink at; (n) a wink; see prapik
picik(ni) a little, little bit
picivet (n.) itch; itchy place on the body
pikan to sand, smooth (with epikan or fikanga)
piki see nikapiki
piku loaf, loaf-shaped things (implied: small and coherent but divisible, e.g. of bread, cake, block of salt/sugar)
pikuçut a mound/small pile of s.t. (implied: of small particles, easily broken up);
mound or hill made by certain insects, burrowing animals; (as vt) to pile up, make a pile of... (usu.of small things--
contrast cakambar s.v. hambar)
pila to think; ...+verb to intend to (verb); pila-pila
to ponder, consider, think over; ambila reason (ability to think);
pila+poss. thought, idea; cakapila lost in thought,
"wool-gathering"; capila-pila to over-analyze a matter (such that no
resolution is ever achieved). NB in correct usage, negative ta pila only occurs with the
literal meaning, e.g. ta mapila liriyu I didn't (=neglected to) think about that, or, I won't (=refuse to) think about that. Where English and other languages can say ":I don't think he'll come, ~I don't think that's true" etc., Kash requires the negative in the complement clause: mapila re ta yarata ~pilami, ta yarata or else uses
"doubt" or "not believe"; there is, however, colloq. tambilami
"I don't think so!" as an interj. of doubt or disbelief.
pilen pocket (usu.of a garment, but may refer to other small enclosures)
pilimen to consider as, view as, regard as (obj. in dative, e.g.
ne ipilimen feliyo they consider him a fool).
pimbuna (street) address, house-number (colloq. pimbu);
riyena ...ti? what's your address? (abbrev. pp; <
pinal+puna)
pimbus a hedge (colloq. but far more common than correct
asipimbus, see vimbrus)
pinaci a watch (timepiece); colloq. naci
pinal (vt) to count; ...marok Old Count (calendar, abbr.
p.m.); ...velu New Count (p.v.); ambinal ~pinal
+poss. score in a game; (acad.) grade, mark; epinal a number;
epikalap (math.) prime number; añambinal mathematics;
pinambés (gram.) singular; pinambát (gram.) plural;
pimbehan calendar (system) e.g. ...tandika/leroka lunar/solar
calendar; ...ketera napo yale 12 açurak the Terran calendar has only 12
months (see also uprehan); pimbehanga(le) calendrical
pinami kitchen/cooking utensils (spoons, forks, spatulas etc.; may
include pots and pans)
pinap an abscess or boil full of pus (see minap)
pindan eating utensils, table-ware, silverware (ult. <
yumbit+nahan)
pindaro a clock (compd. pinal+aro); see also pinaci,
naci
pindramba per thousand; (optional) millage (e.g. in taxes) (< pinal+amba)
pindrongo percent; as n.,...+ni percentage (< pinal+rongo
pinduka Carbon (C)(< Gwr)
pinduça to decide, conclude; make up one's mind, come to a conclusion--somewhat colloq. syn. of kanget, with fewer derivs.; usu.takes a re... clause; ambinduça ~pinduça+Poss. decision, conclusion (compd. pila+tuça think+firm/exact) pineyu hydrogen (H)(< Gwr fire air)
pingapra (colloq. pingap) a briefcase or portfolio
pipinal each, every (<pinal)
pipoñ a mus. instrument, ~recorder (flute), primarily of the Gwr
(pih bÿng)
pirik bead(s)-- man-made (glass, plastic) or of non-precious
stone/shell/bone etc. (reg.pl. pirikiç has > colloq. prikiç,
then sing. priki by back-form.)
piripis (vt) to trample, trample down/on (see pripis)
pirit a hot, pepper-like spice (several spp. and colors)
piro a ball or ball-shaped object; pirocik a (fried) fritter or
croquette, ball-shaped; often made or flavored with fruit pulp and considered a
dessert or sweet snack; see also pekrol
pisat a thin pastry crust covered with a meat/vegetable
mixture with various sauces, a popular snack (ult. < the Gwr)
pita to need, require; to take (+ measure of time) e.g. ...~pitani
5 aro it takes 5 hours; ambita need, requirement; necessity
pitotuñ (med., sci.) a gene; pitotunga(le) genetic
(< Gwr piq doyh tu:ng 'little life cause')
piyaka plate (for eating); in pl., dishes/tableware in genl.
piyal perfect; rumbiyal to make s.t. perfect, to perfect;
ambiyal perfection; tandi... full moon; makrapiyal
quintessence, essence, embodiment
po- verbal prefix, potential (<pole)
-po (suffix) just, only; the free form is napo
pociyo laboratory (colloq., slang poco lab)-- < Gwr pòw
tsi yò 'science work room'
pokrop ~capokrop (vi) to belch (considered impolite)
-pola var. of -fola ten(s)
pole (aux) be able, can...; rumbole to enable; popole
~pole-pole to manage (to do s.t.), (finally) succeed in..., to accomplish; polepo ~pole-polepo (colloq.) can/might just as well...
pom (onomat.) the sound of a gong; pombom to play/sound a gong
(as in a musical piece); propom an alarm (bell or other sound); as vb.,
to sound an alarm; (arch., rural) to beat a gong repeatedly to give an alarm;
see ambom
pombro magnet, magnetic; ambombro magnetism (ult. <. Gwr)
pondam (vi) to fall or drop (of an object)
pondra camp (temporary or mil./permanent); mepu... to make/set
up a camp
pondri (anim.subj.)bored, uninterested (...liri...);
(inanim.subj.) boring; çupondri becoming bored; (irreg.) rupondri
to bore s.o.; apondri boredom; cakapondri (dat. anim.) completely
bored with; (nom.) extremely boring
pongunak likely, probable (colloq.pongu, pongu-pongu);
ambongunak likelihood, probability; ponguni probably;
trapongunak (~trapongu) unlikely, improbable; andrapongu unlikelihood,
improbability
poni ~poni-poni ~poniponam (vulg. slang) to have sex, engage in a
sexual act; see onam
ponolit able to read, literate (< nolit)
popo a commercially raised "lizard" sp., comparable to chicken in the
Kash diet
popor dull, not sharp (tool); also fig.; çupopor to get dull;
rumbopor to dull
poren wine, in genl., also a spec. kind
pori tired; çupori to get tired; rumbori to tire s.o.;
cakapori exhausted; ambori fatigue, tiredness
poro (aux) to be going to...; poro-poro to be about to...
poçi a small boat (non-sail), usu.of wooden construction, larger than
a lofi-- usu.rowed, sometimes motorized; the lifeboat(s) of an
ocean-going vessel
potrelo (med.) the woman's oestrus period-- it occurs approx. every 3
months and lasts about 10 days (thus ult. < (me)pola lero);
luhu... the post-oestral flow of blood and cellular matter that occurs if
conception has not taken place; (dat.) yale... to be in oestrus;
(colloq.) potre; capotre to be in one's period
poya animal sp., in folk tales usu. a trickster. (Thanks to Dirk
Elzinga)
pra- (~par-) honorific prefix; NB terms of address to young children
of nobility: pramesa, parona, prasina (less formal without the -a,
might be used by intimates, household servants, nannies etc.); see also
prasinji (which is used for prana)
pracaka a motor; as adj., motorized; (< apral+çaka)
pracalengi (your, his/her) excellency-- term of address to king and/or
karun (although orig. < pra+ca+leñ + irreg. 2d pl. poss. -hi,
it is now the noun base, i.e. the dative is pracalengiye); short form
calengi may be used by advisors, ministers etc. and personal servants who
have frequent contact with the king/karun
pracinek ambassador (diplomatic post), see also cinek
prahaniyu divinity-- the manifestation of e parahambesa that
inhabits all things, acc'g to Kash belief-- yale prahaniyu riyondeni
yunoç-yunola "there is that of God within all things (anim. and inanim.)"
prakambi formal 2nd pers. pronoun (commoner to aristocrat/noble), to
all intents moribund in Holundan Kash. NB monomorphemic: case forms are
prakambiyi, prakambiye, prakambin, plural prakambila etc. Takes
verb in 3d person. (Contr. < pra+kambra+mi)
prakapilan (arch.) sedan-chair, palanquin-- still used on some
royal/religious occasions; prakambilanila the bearers of same
prakendeki dish-washing machine; pra- is popularly/humorously
said to be the honorific pfx., in fact it is a contraction of apral
device, machine
prale a stall or stand in a public market, or a kiosk on the street
(i.e. a permanent structure); department, in a large store or commercial
establishment; keprale (colloq. keprát) the owner/vendor in a
market-stall or kiosk
pralumañ lady (noble or aristocratic status)
pralumbi term of address corresponding to pralumañ, to adult
female members/wives of the nobility, below the rank of karun, and to high
female govt. figures like ministers, ambassadors (or their wives) even if not of
noble status; see prasimbi
prana in proper names, the fourth (and later) child-- properly used
only by royal and aristocratic families, but often affected by the
nouveaux-riches. prana have little rank or status; pranji
commonly used (by all classes) affect. term for one's younger siblings
prangi a 1-cent coin, 1/100 truni (ult. < kepranat zinc,
from which they are made); same as dial. kromi, krombi
pranguci spark plug (of internal combustion engines), ult. < apral+huça
pranjak var. paranjak
prañangula the royal carriage/coach; (obs., a wheeled platform pulled
by men, keñaki)
prapik the eyelid; see also liprap, pici
prasimbi term to address (corresponding to prasinuñ) to minor
male adult nobles, below the rank of karun, and to high govt. figures like
ministers, ambassadors (even if they are not of noble status); see
pralumbi
prasinji term of address to children of the nobility (mesa, rona,
sina, prana), used when the child's rank is unknown; in formal settings it
is also used for any child of the wealthy class
prasinuñ gentleman (noble or aristocratic status)
pratur (colloq.) airplane, airship; see apral
prefaç vacation, leave/furlough (of some duration-- orig. colloq. for
leprefa(ç) (lero pefa(ç) free days), still used formally/officially); prefaci a short break from work (say 1-3 days off); prepi a short break during the workday; (school) recess
prekan see tungaprehan, kaprekan
prikipan a mild pain-relieving medicine, equiv.to aspirin
prilut a chisel (several sizes and types)
prinan light in weight; çuprinan to ease up; become lighter;
rupinan to lighten s.t., ease up on; to facilitate; caprinan
unimportant, minor, trivial; superficial, "lightweight"
pripis (vt) to step on, tread on; piripis trample, trample
down/on
pripit spicy-hot; astringent; smarting; tapripit bland, of food
pris a step, pace; cakaprís to trip, stumble; prisi-prisi to pace about nervously
priçi (math.) degree (< pris+ci)
priya, priye honorific full form of masc/fem. 3d pers.sing. pronoun; (inanim. priyu seldom needed); case forms prini, prine, priyan ~ priyen; other hon.forms simply add pra to the base form, thus prahat;
plural prahila, pranila, pratila--hon.full forms of 1st person pronouns are not used.
priyo (vt) to cultivate the land, to farm; ambriyo agriculture;
kepriyo farmer; yumbriyo a farm (The word is believed to derive from Kash par-
honorif.pfx. + Gwr uy yawq plow)
priyonek president (of a country)--this title is not used by the Kash; it is adapted <. Gwr hi hoq neq 'head man' + Kash par-
priyundomer (legal) court of law (ult. < par+*yundomer <
yurun omer)-- there are various levels of courts in Holunda/Kavatu:
p. ecak ~enje village ~town/city, p.hutuñ lower provincial,
p.anoras higher provincial, p. karun the highest (in formal usage,
the modifiers have the -(k)a(le) adj.suffix); see also yundombrut
procañ ~proca-mambrocañ to negotiate, bargain; ambrocañ
negotiation, bargaining; kambrocañ negotiator; caprocañ of one who
is difficult/inflexible in negotiations; to drive a hard bargain;
cakaprocañ (dat.) to "get the short end of the stick" in bargaining; be a
poor bargainer; (irreg. deriv. <pokocañ < kocañ)
prum the belly, abdomen; pruma(le) (med.) abdominal;
ombrum intestines, innards, guts
prundak the stomach
prup ~purup ~purúp (onomat.) the sound of bubbling; the sound of
liquid pouring out of a container; purup (as vb.) to decant, pour liquid
from one container into another; pruprup the sound/feeling of rumbling in
the stomach/bowels; (n.) purupurup that condition; stomach gas,
discomfort from it, e.g. misosir ....ni we heard his stomach rumbling;
amí me .... oh dear, I've got stomach gas
pruput (n.) bubble; (vi) bubbly, bubbling; at a rolling boil;
çupruput coming to a boil; mepruput blow/make bubbles; ambruput
~supruput a natural spring; ca(ka)pruput bubble up unexpectedly, boil
over; prupuci drinking fountain
puceli (colloq.) battery (of a car), compd. raput+celi q.v.
puci dust; pucicip dusty; rumahan/uhakan ... alo... to
dust (remove dust from...)
puhi alcohol (< Gwr); (irreg.) pukiya(le) alcoholic
pulap mostly edible tuber spp. which include ...luhu
(~puluku, red) , ...kret, ...cami, pukange, ...nandranju ("cook 2
times" contains mildly poisonous alkalis that must be leached out),
pupanat, (white), pulambula (gold), pulandra (northern),
pulangur (Gwr), puturañ (mountain), pulatu, pumori (aquatic
spp.)
pum (onomat.) sound of a loud sharp noise, e.g. gunshot; ambum
a single sharp thunder-clap
pumbik a shed or small out-building; a small barn for animals.
pumbitumbra (med.) nurse (m/f), doctor's assistant; colloq.
pitumbra, pituma, (direct address) pitú (irreg. <
pumit+tumbra)
pumit (vt) to serve s.o. (be a household employee of...); (as vi) be a
servant, be in service; ambumit service (usu. domestic); rumbumit
to have/employ s.o. as a servant; kepumit servant, in genl.;
cakapumit be in hereditary service to... (rare now, but a few families
consider themselves so bound); (obs.) held in debt-bondage; see also simbit,
lumbit
pumuru (often pron. pumbru) rolling or prolonged thunder;
pumbrucek thunder and lightning, a thunderstorm
pun if, whether; pun-pun if (...) at all, if any; pupumbo (adv.) just in case; see also pupuñi
puna house; puna-puna a small house, cottage (e.g. the
guest-house of a large estate); pumbik a storage-shed or small barn;
pundraka a large/imposing house, mansion,; the manor house of a country
estate; punduwar hotel, inn, guest-house; punandula palace (of
royalty); capitol building of a state; punakreci railroad station
pundahan restaurant (see also yundrahan-- in genl. usage,
pundahan connotes a more elegant place)
pundangoko (~pundangok, pundrako(k)) (slang) a mental hospital,
insane asylum (ult. < pundramba+kok(o))
pundek (colloq.) library
pundipat prison, jail; irreg. kambundi jailor, prison-guard;
kepundip prisoner, inmate
pundramba (obs.) dungeon; (colloq. ~pundrap) jail, prison;
punduñ oath, pledge, bond; ambunduñ id.; amasir punduñ
an estate left in trust; toye punduñ trust-fund (est. while the grantor
is alive, or by testament); see also mepunduñ
pundriyuni in that case...; pundrayani in this case...
punduwar hotel, inn, guesthouse (<puna+nuwar)
pungavan hospital, clinic (puna+kavan)
punjinek embassy (building) (puna+cinek)
punoret (inexpensive and minimal) place to spend the night, hostel
puño tip, sharp point of s.t. (usu.small); puño lin the chin;
puño falaka crown of the head; puñoñ the tip of the penis; see also
puñoyo
puñoyo peak, pinnacle; roofpeak, ridge
pupuñi (NB base pupun does not occur) (prep.) in case of...; pupumbo just in case; (deriv. < pun if)
pupus (vi) to exhale; (vt) to emit, give off (e.g. an odor/liquid); ambupus
exhalation; emission; rumbupus to deflate s.t.; cakapupus (nom.) out of breath, winded; suddenly deflate/go flat (e.g. of a tire); (dat.) to have the wind knocked out of one; pupuçi (n,V) a sigh, to sigh;kaprupus bad breath, halitosis; see pus
purapo a large (to 3m. long) amphibious "lizard" of colder coastal
areas (now rare in the far north, where it was hunted). An expert swimmer; the
front legs have evolved into flippers; very clumsy on land, but highly
territorial and somewhat aggressive toward humans.
purik (n,adj.) secret; rumburik to conceal, keep secret;
cakapurik secretive, mysterious (usu.of a person); kota (dat.)
purik tell/confide a secret to s.o.; rungaya (dat.) purik to
tell/reveal a secret (to s.o.), i.e. to betray a confidence
pus (onomat) sound of blowing, exhalation, sighing
puso (vt) to suck, suck on; irreg. rupuso (vt,vi) to suckle,
breast-feed-- either mother or child may be subj. (cf.
muso)
pusup (vt) to blow on/at with the mouth
puço horizontal, level; flat; çupuço (of a surface or object)
becoming level; epuço a carpenter's level; rumbuço (colloq.
pupuço) to level s.t., make s.t. level (e.g. hacayi... tokro yu
you have to level (make level) that beam); colloq. carpenters'/builders' usage,
puç and so in compds.
putap to shed, molt; ...ekam, ...hendo to shed/drop leaves,
shed/slough off the skin (of many "lizard" and reptile spp.); ambutap the
normal (slight) shedding of fur that Kaç experience; the dropping of leaves, the
shedding/sloughing of skin; putekam (of trees) deciduous
putom to pour/cast (spec. metal or other materials, e.g.
plaster of Paris, glass, rubber); ambutom the mold for such castings;
yumbrutom a foundry; (irreg.) puto cast, in compds, e.g. hece puto
cast iron, nula puto cast gold
puvaco (relig.) a hermitage where monks live (usu.small, in a forest) (ult. < puna facol)
puwaya amphibian spp., similar in appearance/habits to the crocodile
(grows to ±3m.); puwerak a slightly larger sp., heavier, more sluggish,
somewhat less dangerous-- these two inhabit both fresh as well as brackish
coastal waters; puweci a smaller, fresh-water sp. (to 1.5m), very
aggressive
puyat waistcoat or vest-- a short sleeveless jacket, often ornately
embroidered, and usu. worn on formal occasions
See also the Supplement
M (Eighteenth letter of hakanga, called ma, a
bilabial nasal, IPA [m].)
mace (vt) to damage, mar; cakamace to get damaged
maci see nakuweyu
mahas fresh (usu. of food, but also fig., e.g. yangaci mahas
'a fresh breeze'); tramahas not fresh, stale; sumahas fresh (not
salt) water
mahen symbolic, figurative; ambahen symbolism; rumbahen
to symbolize, represent/stand for; cakamahen overly symbolic, obscure,
baroque (esp. of certain artistic/literary styles); see also emahen
makendum(med., polite) oral sex, spec. fellatio
makepacelum (med., polite) anal intercourse
maker intrinsic, inherent; (as n.) nature, essence (equiv.to
haniyu, but of inanimate or abstract things); ri makeri (gen.) by
nature
makir fermented; çumakir (v.i.) to ferment, be fermenting; rumakir
(colloq.pakir) to ferment s.t., to cause to ferment; ambakir
fermentation; kambakir any fermenting/leavening agent; see also fakri
makra pith, marrow (e.g. makratako bone marrow); (fig.) gist,
core; makrapiyal quintessence, essence, embodiment; makrani (adv.)
in essense, at bottom, essentially
makris a (sub)tropical fruit, and (ange...) its tree. About
5-6cm. diam., thin-skinned (the skin may be eaten, but usu. is not); green when
young, greenish-black when under-ripe, black when fully ripe, black with red
areas when over-ripe. The Kash prefer to eat them when under-ripe, when the
flesh is still firm and not so sweet-- or over-ripe, when they begin to ferment
slightly. The fully ripe fruit becomes rather mushy and is cloyingly sweet to
the Kash taste.. Fully- and over-ripe fruits are processed for their juice,
which is allowed to ferment-- in the home, slightly, for use as a refreshing
drink mixed with ice and soda-water; commercially, the fully fermented, purified
juice is bottled as a popular semi-dry, slightly sparkling wine.
mala (fine) sand
mam pron. of 1st per. sing., I (irreg. acc. man)
mama (affect.) father; mambi is used by very young children,
"papa"; see ama, ambi
mamak-cuñ ~mamacúñ a game of strategy similar to chess, played on a 64-square (8x8) board; the name derives < Gwr maq maq tsung "100 squares"[octal]
mambrama paternal uncle (FaBr)
mambre brother; see also marem
mambrinde maternal uncle (MoBr)
mandil a priest; (arch. or regional, ~pra-) shaman; mandikañu a priest-therapist, professional psychologist/psychotherapist;
kramandil a witch or (evil) sorcerer; see also mandomer, temandri (ult. <vandil)
mando ripe (of s.t. ready for its proper use); mature, adult;
çumando ripening; maturing; growing into adulthood; growing up;
rumbando to ripen/age s.t. (usu. by artificial means); ambando ~mando
+poss. ripeness; adulthood; kemando an adult (person); (as adj.)
adult, i.e. proper, behavior; cakamando over-ripe, past its prime (of
fruits, etc.)
mandomer lawyer; temandomer a member of the Legal Council
(interpreters of the law, equiv. to a "Supreme Court ~Law Lords"-- NB irreg.
plural temandromila); temandombrés the Chief Law Lord-- in judicial
proceedings, usu.addressed as "mandombi, mandondi"
mandum (vt) to lend; ambandum (colloq. ambat) a loan
mangos (human) voice; (anim.) typical cry or sound; in music, the
voices are: (male) ...vangur ~basso profundo, ...vangaci ~upper
bass or baritone-- most common; (male/fem.) ...(ka)taren
~tenor/contralto, (fem.) ...(ka)tarenji ~a slightly higher
contralto-- most common, ...vinda ~alto, ...vindalat ~mezzo
manji (vt) to answer; also as n.; cakamanji said of
s.o. who "knows all the answers; a know-it-all"; colloq. nuwa-manji
question-and-answer; abbr. mnj
maña right (inherent); privilege (granted)-- if necessary to
distinguish, maña kamon ~maña kaç inherent rights vs. maña vele
granted rights, privileges, entitlements
mapus steam (n)
maraci(ci) indignant; (irreg.) cakaraci in a huff, in a snit
(ult. < marak+ci)
marak angry; çumarak getting angry, with dat.obj., get angry
with...; (both base and inch. form often redupl. for more intensive
(çu)mara-marak); rumbarak to anger, make s.o. angry;
cakamarak (dat.) gruff, disagreeable, angry (by nature); (nom)
~cakamara-marak very angry, enraged, furious; ambarak anger;
kambara-marak angry crowd, mob (often as neut. plur.)
marem (~marenji, marende) a term of affection used among males
(implies a very close, possibly [esp. marende] sexual, relationship)
(marende ult. < marem leñ)
marok old, in years, of people or things (as opp. to old in style,
old-fashioned); mamarok elderly, of advanced age; çumarok getting old, aging; cakamarok senile;
ambarok old age; marokni age of s.t. (ambarok[ni] is
sometimes used in this sense); la- ~camarok older ~ oldest
marombar ancient, antique
maru (vt) to invite; ambaru invitation; cakamaru show up
uninvited, crash a party; sneak in; stow away; travel without paying the fare;
kecamaru a stowaway; a party-crasher
maçan (vi, vt) to turn, change direction; maçan mulet turn around; to reverse;
(mil., fig.) to do an about-face;
mamaçan (vi) go back, return; çumaçan (naut.) to change course;
rumbaçan to return/give back s.t.; pomaçan reversible;
trapomaçan irreversible; cakamaçan change course suddenly, reverse
oneself, to change one's mind (for no clear reason-- hence, changeable,
capricious); maçan pila to change one's mind, reconsider; maçañi (adv.) in turn
matange a musical instrument sim. to the xylophone-- tuned wooden
blocks, percussive
mate hard (of objects); çumate becoming hard, to harden;
rumbate to harden s.t.; ambate ~mateni hardness
matra (vi) to break, broken, in pieces pomatra fragile,
breakable; pomatrani fragility; çumatra beginning to fall apart,
crumble; rumbatra to break/smash s.t.; mamatra (vt) to smash s.t.
(deliberately, e.g. out of rage); ambatra fragment; (math.) fraction;
matraci cracked; matraçit to interrupt (someone's speech); ambatraçit interruption; camatraçit said of s.o. who constantly interrupts or butts in on a conversation; matrapin to
interrupt (someone's train of thought); ambatrapin such an interruption, distraction; camatrapin thoroughly
distracted/distracting
matralap the Spirit of the moon Lalap (< mar(em)+lalap),
capricious and irresponsible
matu (math.) the square of...; squared, e.g. matuni ro yale
ha the square of two is four; ro matu yale ha two squared is four;
matu-sit/ha etc., cube/fourth etc. power of; cubed, to the fourth etc.
power-- matu-sitni ro yale 8 the cube of two is 8; ro matu-sit yale
8 two-cubed is 8; mepola (~fola) matu-san 10 to the ninth power.
See also ñutu
mecindi (vt) to perform/play a spoken work; to act id., to act the
role of...
mekan (vt) concoct, fabricate (ironic/pejor.); < mepu+ahan
melat cannon (< dial. Gwr mey lat)
melo (vt and aux) to want, want to; çumelo liri/re... to agree
to; çumelo-melo to volunteer (...liri ....for,
...re...to...); kemelo-melo a volunteer; colloq. pers. pfx
+mbelo (e.g. mambelo, hambelo etc) I/you/he etc. would like to...;
tambelo (I, you etc.) don't want to... ~don't want it.
melu-melu news, new report (e.g. on radio); ult. < velu
meme (colloq.) baby, infant; see veve
memu (colloq.) a written receipt (see upan)
mende already; as inv. aux., marks perfect tenses; (vi) all over,
done; ... +verb (colloq. mende-mende ~memende) to have just...;
çumende coming to an end, winding down; rumbende to finish,
complete; ambende finale, climax; see also tambende, yamét
mendro (vi) to insist; cakamendro overly insistent, demanding
mene (n) air; (vb) to ventilate; to air, air out; tramene
airless; stuffy; meneci, meneçu a draft; cakamene(-mene) drafty;
(hum.) feeling a draft; mene kayi ~mengayi the atmosphere, breathable air
menjar (vt) to climb, mount, go up; çumenjar (vi) to rise, go
up (e.g. prices, temperature); rumbenjar to raise/elevate s.t.
mepangos (vt) to play/perform music or a musical work; to sing/act the
role of...
mepu (vt) to do, to make; çumepu to set to work, get to work;
rumbepu to put s.o. to work at..., to order s.t. done; caka-mepu
overloaded/swamped with work; ambepu deed, action; job, work, project;
colloq. mepu + poss. id., work, s.t. to do, job, project; kambepu
workman, laborer; pomepu doable, feasible; trapomepu not feasible;
mepu-mepu (n) busy-work; camepu-mepu to do busy-work; pretend to
work, goof off; tramepu left undone, incomplete (by omission, or because
the work was abandoned, vs. ta rumbende incomplete but due to be
finished); not done; trambepu unemployed
mepunduñ (vi) to swear/make an oath; to pledge, to promise;
camepunduñ bound by an oath or promise (ult.< mepu punduñ)
meron to demand; amberon ~meron+POSS. a demand; cakameron overly/obnoxiously demanding, bossy (related to mendro insist)
meru (vt) to fill (alt. of rundondo < londo)
1.mesa (~mes) the number one; the short form bears the stress
in derivs. e.g. folamés; kumés(a) first (in counting, see also
angasi < kasi); mesa-mesa ~memesa one by one, each one;
mesani one of...; mesa-mesani (as adj) the very first; (as
sent.advbl.) first, first of all, first off; mesangunjo one-half
(<kunjo); çumesa (vi) to unite, join, come together; acumbesa unity;
rumbesa (vt) to unite; ambesa unit (math.slang pesa);
kemesa (n) individual; mesaka(le) (adj.) single, sole; individual;
only, unique
2.mesa in proper names, first child; of royalty, crown prince, prince;
the eldest child of any hereditary noble, who succeeds to the title and estates;
properly used only by royal and aristocratic families, but often affected by the
nouveaux-riches (ult. the same as mesa one)
meçar (vt) to lift, hoist, pull up (usu.by mechanical means);
aprambeçar (colloq. prambeç) any device for hoisting; a crane;
(irreg.) peçar elevator/lift in a bldg.
metik (vt) to spy on; ambetik spying, espionage;
kambetik a spy, secret agent;
metrita (colloq. for ametrita) government (see vetrita)
mevi to cost; mevini the cost, price of s.t.; see also
rimevi
micet clerk, minor functionary; micecu id., somewhat pej.,
bureaucrat; añamicet bureaucracy
mici (colloq.) unimportant, useless, of little value; see also
mingip
micu short; çumicu getting short/ smaller; to shrink;
rumbicu to shorten, shrink (can apply to both size and time);
cumicu shortly, in a short time, a little while
miki see mimik
mila pron. of 1st pers.plur., we (irreg. acc. min)
mimik small, little; colloq. often miki; çumimik
~çumbik (vi) to decrease, diminish. rumbimik ~rumbik (vt.) to
decrease, diminish s.t.; in compds., -mbik
minap pus; (vb) containing/full of pus; (irreg.) pinap any
pussy abscess or boil
minda (vi) to smile, be happy; miminda to grin broadly;
çuminda become happy, cheer up; rumbinda make happy, elate;
ambinda happiness, joy; cakaminda overjoyed, elated;
minda-minda merry, jolly; hañuminda having a jolly or good-humored
disposition; traminda unhappy, sad (see also tramit);
trambinda unhappiness; NB the names mita (M), mina (F) are
derived
mindura a park, public garden
mingip minor, unimportant, insignificant (< mimik-mik);
(colloq., pej.) mici-mingip, mici-vici ~cakamici utterly..., good-for-nothing,
beneath contempt, etc.
minja (vt) to seek, look for; explore; ambinja exploration; search; minja-minja look all over for;
furi-finja the game "hide-and-seek"
minjakañu lit., to seek the mind-- benign, a way of establishing a relationship telephathically
minjer agent, broker; the title of members of the elected legislature, "deputy" praminjer a government minister, head of a "cabinet" department
miñu the seed-pod of various plants, whether useful or not; yembiñu id. of useful plants, containing edible seeds ~beans, or seeds that can be propagated
miri to blow, of the wind; çumiri begin to blow, to rise (of
the wind); miri-miri strong, of the wind; cakamiri blown away/about, scattered by the wind; ambiri a strong wind,
gale; kambiri (electric) fan
mirum stiff; taut; tramirum flaccid, slack, limp
misip (vi) furtive, sneaky; creeping/crawling around stealthily;
...ri to creep/sneak up on, approach [noun] stealthily (pronoun objects
take dative, e.g. imisip ri enjeye they sneaked up on the city; nile
mimisip we sneakedk up on them); cakamisip sneaky, devious;
sotimbris(i) to eavesdrop (< sotir)
miça (colloq.) a (tin) can/container
miçi ~hukombiçi, hungiçi (vi) to urinate; cakamiçi to urinate
accidentally (e.g. from fear, or incontinence); (~sumbiçi) urine;
miçika(le) (med.) urinary
miyoñ (vt) to polish (colloq. contr. <rumiyoñ, see
iyoñ)
moco any of several plant spp. similar to Capsicum-- a vine; the edible
fruits range from very small (hottest) to fist-size (mild)
moka gnat, small flying insect(s) (sometimes stinging)
mola (vi) be valuable; (with a monetary or other expression) to be
worth...; çumola becoming valuable, appreciating; rumbola to
value/appreciate s.t.; to place a value on, to estimate; tramola
worthless, without value; (opt. ...uçoñi) in vain; cakamola (nom.)
overly concerned with the value of things; to be cheap, a cheapskate; (dat.)
overly conscious of/impressed by wealth; ambola ~molani the value/ worth
of s.t.; colloq. ta me mola (~tambola) I don't care (dismissive);
(idiom.) tambola uçoñi it isn't worth the effort/trouble, tambola
mepuni isn't worth doing, tambola anjuni isn't worth the time, etc.
molu ~molu-molu to swarm (of insects, fish, or fig.); (used colloq. as
a noun in lieu of amolu); see volu
mondes poor (in quality), shoddy; cakamondes (of clothing, or
one's appearance) sloppy, ill-kempt
mondra (adv.) almost (cf. mora)
mora near; çumora (ri) approach, draw near; rumbora
bring s.t. closer; morani nearly, almost; mora-mora (adj.) nearby,
in the vicinity; ri morani... (prep.) nearby, in the vicinity of...;
cakamora too close for comfort; inappropriately intimate or familiar;
ambora nearness, proximity; see also vora
morongo verandah or porch of a house
mowa ~omo but; mowa-mowani but rather, instead, but on the
contrary
moyocim in sewing, a particular stitch? there are various kinds, with
descriptive names. NB to stitch is simply cicim to sew, unless a
particular style of stitching is intended, in which case mepu/umit
moyocim (+name) (< moyot+cim)
moyot pattern, model; example, specimen; moyondi for example
(abbrev. my)
mucat (vt) to pronounce (e.g. a word); ambucat pronunciation;
cakamucat badly or mis-pronounced
mucen (vt) to stab
mucovare the sport of fencing
mucuso breast/pectoral area of the male (irreg.redup. <
muso)
muko bad (in genl., not morally); çumuko to go/get bad,
deteriorate; rumbuko to damage, mar; tramuko not bad, just OK,
so-so; la- ~camuko worse ~worst; see also muçi
mulet backwards, in reverse; mule-mulet vice-versa, the other
way round (abbrev. mm)
mumuso the nipple(s) of the male
mundokrando ~mundokratantidote to a poison; antivenom
mundruk to oppose; fight against; kambundruk opponent-- all forms connote some
hostility, unlike munuk
mundrukañu to oppose or resist telepathy-- a specialized technique
munducangi (med.) immune; ...+ni immunity; çumunducangi become immune to...; (irreg.) rumunducangi liri.. to immunize s.o. against...; añumunducangi immunization (colloq., all form replace -cangi with -cák)
munduk (vt) to oppose, be against (e.g. an idea; or
politically-- neutral connotations); to resist; munduk liri... (vi) opposite
(to), opposed (to), contrary (to); as prep.(+ acc.) against (opposed to), anti-; kota munduk (gram.) opposite (of)(a word), antonym (of), e.g. ronek yale kota munduk fasan cold is
the opposite/antonym of hot; munduk (ri) meloni (idiom.) contrary to
expectations...; (irreg.) amunduk opposition; resistance; çupunduk
(liri...) becoming opposed (to), to set in opposition to; rumbunduk
(~rumbundukuwa) to balance, put in equilibrium; to match, match up;
ambunduk(uwa) equilibrium; trapunduk(uwa) not matching; out of
balance, in disequilibrium, disharmony (this word is ult. < caus.
rumunduk < vunduk, obs.)
mundum to drum, beat/play a drum; also as n., a drum ~emundum
munepak to box (fight with fists; refers to the organized sport--
illegal in many countries); onjepak to spar, practice boxing
munis to solve, resolve (a problem); ambunis (re)solution (of a problem)
munjat to announce; ambunjat announcement; kambunjat announcer, master of ceremonies
munuk (vi) to compete, vie with; oppose, be against; ...yama to
race against, run a race; ambunuk contest, competition; kambunuk
competitor, opponent (e.g. in a game); (mus.) munupangos counterpoint;
cf. mundruk
munup (vt) to button (irreg. for rumunup < unup)
muñas system (pl. muñaç
muñok left (hand, side) (ult.< muko)
mupak camera (< a Gwr trade name); syn. atenjet
murendik to wrestle (formally, as sport)
muru-muru (n.) the low-pitched purring sound made by several Cousin
spp. and some other animals; (as vi) to make such a sound; see also
rondoñ
muso breast(s) of a woman; ambuso the woman's nipple(s)
sumuso breast-milk; see also mumuso, puso
muçi (interj., slang, ~muçik(i)-- the accent may go on the
final syl. of all forms) sorry! too bad! expressing mild sympathy or regret,
e.g. muçí, ta yale lavi sorry, there isn't any more; muçiki
cakenda too bad [you/your team] lost/got beaten (ult. <muko)
muyas (vt) to plane (wood), use a plane (woodworkers' slang, <
rumuyas < uyas); see also emuyas
See also the Supplement
V (Nineteenth letter of hakanga, called va, a voiced
bilabial or labio-dental approximant, IPA [β], X-SAMPA [B] or IPA [υ], XS [v\])
vacan (vt) to believe; povacan believable; tra(po)vacan
unbelievable, incredible; rumacan to persuade; cakavacan too
trusting, credulous, gullible; amacan belief; tovacan (fin.)
credit
vacanjan (vt) believe in, trust; pravacanjan trustworthy; in
good faith; travacanjan untrustworthy; in bad faith
vaha down, in a downwards direction (usu. with -ni); ri... down below, downstairs (~cimbri vaha); vori vaha down-stream, down-river
vahañ an oar (usu.larger than a vahe); see also çumake
vahe 1. paddle for propelling a small boat/canoe; 2. the
shoulder-blade of certain large animals, mostly non-mammals
vahut an omen, sign (superstitious); vahuléñ an auspicious
omen; (as adj.) auspicious; travahut an ill omen; (adj.) inauspicious;
cakavahut superstitious (i.e. one who still takes omens seriously, places
excessive reliance on the power of the Spirits, etc.); (irreg.) anjavahut
superstition. Belief in omens-- based on behavior of certain animals, analysis
of their internal organs, unusual natural phenomena-- was common among the
ancient Kash and Gwr, but is not very prevalent in modern societies. The Kash
Spirits, however, are still given due ceremonial deference.
vaka bottom; ri ... below, under; (also as slang, in
vori-vaka downriver; and as ~vaca, vaci in expressions with
vika, q.v.)
vakekañu to join minds; amakekañu (n.) the joining of minds. Lovers or close friends might do this from time to time; it is voluntary, benign, pleasurable, and does not imply control-- it is simply "two minds thinking as one" also used as a syn. of çakañu the art/ability of telepathy, in genl. (<. vakep)
vakep to join together; ... yam +acc. the polite and sci.term
for sexual intercourse, ; amakep (anat.) joint; see also yamakep, makendum, makepacelum
vakun to ransom, redeem, buy back
valin to pass, pass by (s.t.); vavalin to pass, go past,
overtake; exceed, go beyond; çuvalin (of time) to pass, elapse, e.g. nim lero çuvalin five days passed/elapsed; cakavalin "in passing", casual, as
içun... a passing glance; tundru... to shoplift; vandini by
the way..., incidentally...(to introduce supplementary or perhaps off- topic
material/afterthoughts into conversation/discussion)
valita seagrass/seaweed in genl., some spp. are edible
valun way, manner; kambralun how? in what way? (more formal,
kandri valuñi is also used)
vanat white; çuvanat to become pale; fading; of anim. fur,
become white, take on winter coat; rumanat to whitewash, paint white;
amanat whitewash
vandil (rural) to clear a field; to clear/make a path e.g.through
undergrowth; (archaic, shamanistic) to open a path/way to the spirit world
vangep to gather, amass, collect (things); vavangep together; amangep a collection (of things); kamangep a collector
vangi old, worn-out, old-fashioned; of colors, dark; vavangi
antique; amavangi history, historical; (a more formal adj:
amavangika(le))
vara (conj.) in order to
varu the color brown
varumbara the very dark brown color of some Kaç fur
varusi the brown color of some Gwr fur
vasi ( ~trako...) the shoulder-blade of humans/Cousins and most
mammals
vasilus to miss (target); fail to hit or achieve what was aimed at; cavasilus (nom.) completely off the mark; completely missing the point of s.t.
vasir (vt) to inherit; rumasir to bequeath; amasir
inheritance, estate; amasir punduñ estate left in trust; kamasir
legator; (ana/kaç) kevasir heir, legatee
vaçat serious, grave; having consequences
vatip personal, private; vavatip in a personal way, personally,
privately; cakavatip (of a person) extremely private, closed, a "loner";
amatip privacy; see also hamatip
vayi (pron. vai) male, of animals
vecut dirty; çuvecut get dirty; rumecut to dirty, to
besmirch; cakavecut filthy, disgusting; lewd; disgraceful; amecut
dirt, filth
vekombra to perform euthanasia, to euthanize (obj. in dative);
amekombra euthanasia (ult. <vele kombra)
velas a large machete, bolo-knife (syn. sombrak
vele (vt) to give; amele ~vele +poss. gift; kamele
giver; vele-vele (vb) to give out, hand out, distribute freely; (as adj.) generous vele
nanguça to cremate; amele-mele generosity; see also vevele
veliçun (colloq. veli) to focus on, to concentrate on;
veli-veli to stare at s.o. (impolite); cakaveli be stared at, be
pointed out, attract or be the object of unwelcome attention
velu new; cavelu modern, up to date; travelu used, second-hand; rumelu to restore,
refurbish s.t.; amelu s.t. new esp.if unusual, a novelty; (med.) a
genetic mutation; veluni(po) lately, recently; anamelu new-born, infant, baby; see also melu-melu
vembom (mus.) a wind instrument-- double-reed, various sizes
vendanak (vt) to fuel, fill ~provide with fuel (<
vele+tanak), often in compd. rundondo ...
vendel noble (status); (fig. ~hañuvendel) noble in
character/behavior (but not status); high-minded, highly respected etc.;
añavendel the nobility; kevendel a noble, member of the nobility;
aramendel a noble title
vengat (vi) to struggle, contend; rumengat to struggle over, to
contest, dispute; amengat a struggle, dispute; contest
vetrama (fin.) to share out/distribute earnings
(<vele+lama); ametrama dividend
vetrita to rule, govern (<vele+tita); ametrita,
colloq. metrita government; metritaka governmental, official; kemetrita a government official or representative; trametrita anarchy, ketrametrita anarchist
veve ~meme (nursery and colloq.) baby, infant, new-born
vevele to give up, to cede; to sacrifice s.t.; PRON+tu ... uçoñi... to sacrifice oneself for... ~give up one's life for...(another)
vicupracu to shrug the shoulders
vihat specific, definite; rumihat to specify; to list;
amihat a list; index; vihatni specifically, to wit; i.e.,
that is (abbrev. vi)
vika see vita
vimbrus a bush; bushy plants in genl., shrubbery; (irreg.)
asipimbus a hedge, row of bushes (decorative, or to mark a boundary, <
asit+vimbus), see also pimbus
vine ~cakavine wounded; rumine to wound; evine (n) wound
vinene (vt) to graze, hit with a glancing blow/shot
vingakañu to obstruct telepathy-- a specialized technique (cf. vingas)
vingas obstacle; (vt) to hinder, get in the way of; travingas clear, without obstacles (e.g. a road, plan of action); çutravingas become clear, free of obstacles; rundavingas to clear, remove obstacles from; t unblock
vinguça to brand; (n.) a brand-mark (nowadays, of animals only;
anciently, a punishment for criminals
vinja a barrel-- in trade, conventionally 25 tombrak = 125 cipetu,
approx. 46.875 gals. (US)
virap sure, certain; certainly; çuvirap (are/liri...) to become
sure (that/of...), to ascertain; rumirap to assure, guarantee;
travirap unsure, uncertain; tambirap (colloq.) (I'm) not sure...
virik beautiful; rumirik to beautify, enhance; amirik ~
virik +poss. beauty; travirik ugly; see kamirik
visiñ deposit/vein/lode (of ore or other material)
viça a fern-like plant-- several spp. from small to tree-size, with
delicate, lacy fronds (amiça)
vita up, upwards; upper surface of s.t.; ri vitani... up, above, overhead, above the surface
of; upstairs (~cimbri vita); vori-vita upstream, upriver; also as slang, vika, vica,
vici) in the expressions vika-vaka, vica-vaca, vici-vaci all
referring to alternating "up and down" motions or events, e.g. in the stock
market, "boom and bust"; yavika-yavaka ~vikani-vakani "what goes up,
(must) come down"
vital tall; amital ~vital+poss. height
vivine (colloq. vivin) a scar; (as vb, ~cakavivin)
scarred; rumivin(e) to scarify the skin (a mostly obs. ritual practice of
primitive Kash, Lañ-Lañ and Gwr tribes); amivin(e) the practice of
scarification; añamivin(e) (or moyopivin) the designs/patterns
created thereby (ult. < vine)
viyu a hook, in genl.; viyu-pacik hook-and-eye (fastener)
voko to cough; a cough; rumoko make/cause s.o. to cough;
voko-voko, cakavoko to cough uncontrollably
vokra a city-block (area bounded by streets)
volap ugly, unattractive, aesthetically displeasing (of things, not
people); rumolap to deface; cakavolap be in bad taste, exhibit bad
taste
vole possible; çuvole become possible; rumole make possible; amole possibility; voleni possibly, perhaps; travole impossible (also has çu-, ruñ- verbal and añ- noun derivs.); catravole absolutely impossible, in no way...
volu (vt) bring together, gather, amass (materials); as adj.,
constructed, man-made (as opposed to naturally occurring); amolu an
assemblage (of things), a mass (of things), a swarm (insects), a school (of
fish)-- see molu; also, assembly (act of assembling s.t.); rumolu
to put s.t. together, to build/ assemble s.t. (from parts); andrumolu manufacturing, industry in genl.; añamolu product(s) in genl.; tarumolu to
disassemble, take apart; to undo; kamolu factory-worker; mechanic;
yumbrolu factory; see also trumolu
vombrik a small river, stream
vombroçil estuary (wide, bay-like mouth of a river)
vondo plant sp. native to Yanatros, and its extract used by the
Lañ-lañ to poison arrow-heads, spears and darts (it acts as a muscle relaxant);
< Prevli vondo ~vonor; see also suvondo
vora the side of s.t.; vora-vora side by side, abreast; ri
vorani... next to, beside; kamora neighbor (see also mora)
vorañ combining form of vora in names of geometric figures,
comparable to -lateral or -agon: (1)as vora- with units 3 and 5-9 e.g.
vorasít triangle, voranim pentagon, voraket, vorasot
etc.; (2) as vorañ- with 4-- voraká square-- and other common
regular (turas) figures e.g. vorapót, voraporó decagon,
dodecagon; but (3) as a separate word with unusual/irregular figures and larger
numbers, e.g. vorañ folakét 17-sided figure, vorañ rofola
20-sided figure etc. Note further: vorapát polygon; vorangupo parallelogram; vorandivek
rectangle; vorasít tikar right triangle, ...kuwa equilateral
triangle, ...acekuwa isosceles triangle
vorat (vt) to be a member of, to belong to (an org. or other group);
çuvorat (yam...) to join, become a member of, enrol in, enter (a group or
org.); amorat membership; kamorat a member of a group or org.
vori river; see also vombrik
vorok important; to matter; çuvorok become important; rumorok bring s.t. into prominence ~to the fore; to focus on, emphasize; amorok ~vorokni importance, emphasis; (gram.) stress; vorokni also adv., mainly, principally; kevorok a person of importance, VIP, big-shot; cakavorok self-important, boastful, conceited; cakevorok id., but more in the sense "he thinks he's a big-shot ~the boss", of s.o. acting above his station; travorok unimportant; catravorok to concentrate on, or worry about, minor details; a "worry-wart"; tamborok (colloq.) it doesn't matter, it's not important (dismissive)
voroset (archit.) dome (< Gwr dial. wor sæt)
vosos a military or police post/station/garrison
voçil wide; çuvoçil to widen, get wider; rumoçil to
widen s.t.; travoçil narrow, tight; amoçil a wide place/area;
voçindi width ...(ciyur) diameter
vowas kind, gentle; merciful, compassionate (also ~hañu vowas);
amowas kindness; mercy, compassion; çuvowas to be merciful to...,
to show mercy to...(dat.); cakavowas overly kind, too trusting, "a soft
touch".
vulamir (vt) to chill, let cool (usu. of foods)
vuluñ cool, refreshing; çuvuluñ becoming cool; cool off, get
refreshed (e.g. by moving into the shade); rumuluñ to cool/refresh s.o.;
cakavuluñ catch a chill (such that one shivers, the teeth chatter etc.);
amuluñ coolness, shade; see also vulamir)
vundele to excavate (a large hole, e.g.for a foundation or
basement); ...liri to mine for...; emundele a mine (underground);
cavundele undermined (spec. by digging, creating danger of collapse),
also fig., weakened or endangered by subversive means; see also evun
vunduk (obs.) see munduk
vunja plant sp., the extract of the root is used by the Lañ-lañ to
stun fish in streams/rivers (Prevli vunza ~vunaz); kumba is the
native Kash name and synonymous, but originally referred to a different sp.
native to Hanjomim
vunu direction; (naut.) heading, course; dat. + yale vunu(ni) ~yale
vunu+poss. to be on course; mepu vunu ri... to set a course for, to
head toward; (fig.) to decide on, commit to, enter on (e.g. a course of action
or contract); mepu vunu-vunu ri... go directly toward/to, head straight
for; ri vunuwe ... toward; lani vununi? which direction (is it
in)? (answer: ritan, vunini ... from here, it's/you go [north, south,
etc.]); cakavunu (naut.) to go/be offcourse
vupin (vt) to rotate, spin; see also yendren
vurot cement or concrete in genl.; mortar for laying brick/tile etc.;
see also vutrevas
vuruna the 4th day of the 7-day week, after Vuruna (var. tamuruna) the larger of Cindu's two moons, named after a myth. character; as a Spirit, considered feminine
vutrevas plaster (for interior walls/ceilings); stucco (for exterior)
See also the Supplement
A (Twentieth letter of hakanga, called ani, a low
central vowel, IPA [a].)
acal matter, thing, affair; kracal problem
acangi sickness (< çangi)
ace leg
acece stem, stalk
acepamba a millipede-like insect (colloq., various spp.)
acepat a centipede-like insect (colloq., various spp.)
acero (colloq. cero) long pants or leggings, mostly worn in
colder areas (properly <halo ... lit., two-legged sarong); see also
ceromik
acim a belt or sash; (e) acikinda (colloq.) the Equator; see
çim
acin- comb.form of acindi 'speech', in several grammatical
terms: acindandru high speech (absolutely correct, quite formal);
acindevas rhetoric (lit., elegant speech, may imply baroque, affected,
high-flown); acindevasa(le) rhetorical, pertaining to rhetoric;
acindimik ~acindici slang (lit., little speech; speech+dim.);
acindula special forms of speech used in noble palaces (except for terms
of address, most of this vocabulary is now obs.; lit., gold speech);
acingambo grammar, in genl. (lit., correct speech);
acingamboka(le) grammatical, pertaining to grammar; acinjuk (~cuk)
vulgar or impolite slang; acingure substandard/incorrect speech (lit.,
low speech); acimbuna ~acitamar colloquial speech (lit., house ~common
speech); acikorokspeech impediment, in genl. (lit., bent/deformed
speech)
acupor sewage (ult. < eçupor sewer)
afar (vi) spread (out); çukafar to be spreading; ruñafar to spread ~lay out s.t.; cakafar spread out, strewn about, scattered at random; (hum.) to sprawl; (med.) contagious; añafar ~afandri the spread/extent of s.t.
aful bowel-movement; hukopaful~ hukaful (colloq. also
pafut) to move the bowels, have a b.m.; cakaful have an
involuntary b.m. (e.g. from fear, or, as an infant might); colloq., the
-l often > -t
ahakar painful, hurt (emotional more than physical); irreg.
rukakar to cause pain/hurt to s.o.; ... hañu +poss. to dissapoint
s.o.; cakakar hurt (in one's feelings)
ahan (vt) to cause, create; devise, invent; añahan a creation,
invention; lit. or mus. composition; kañahan creator, inventor;
(~keyahan) composer, author; (e) parahan ~(e) parahambesa (relig.)
the Supreme Creator, Primum Mobile; (e) parañahan Creation, the Universe;
(e) tarahan (~tarahan trahaniyu) Chaos, the time before Creation; see
also akan
ahar painful, sore; rumahar to cause pain/suffering, to hurt;
cakahar be in pain/agony; añahar (physical) pain, suffering; see
also krahar, ahakar
aka a particle that introduces yes-no questions (see also -ka)
akakram obvious; akakrañi obviously
akan (vt) to form, to shape; añakan ~akañi the form/shape of
s.t.; (gram.) the inflected/conjugated form(s) of nouns/verbs, e.g. ...aran nominative ('name') case; ...tanju present ('now') tense; trafun ... sculpture; kañakan sculptor
akandula to do goldsmithing, work with gold
akanefi to do silversmithing, work with silver
akangece to forge, do smithing ~work with iron; see also
kivuçece, yukriçece
akañu ~prakañu ~krakañu amulet, talisman, fetish (a small object
believed to have beneficial, or sometimes malign, power); ult.
<akan+hañu
akoros formerly, the 7th rank of nobility, below akro, the
equiv. more or less of a baronet; añakoros that rank/position/status (and
formerly, the land-holding associated with the title); nowadays a purely
honorary (appointed) status; anakoros title that may be used by children
of an akoros during the parent's lifetime; they may not use mesa,
rona etc. (an akoros was originally the eldest son of an akro)
akram clear; evident, obvious (see also akakram; çukakram become clear (weather
& fig.), to settle (of sediment); rumakram make clear, explain;
talakram unclear; murky (of liquids); añakram clarification,
explanation, definition; añakrangota dictionary
akrañoni temptation, trial (see krañoni, ñoni)
akro the 6th and lowest rank of the hereditary nobility, roughly
equiv. to a baron
akukop garbage (<hukop; see akup)
akup (colloq.) garbage
ala glass (the material); alañu mirror
alam (geog.) pole; ...andra north pole, ...umbrik south
pole; alakinda the earth's axis
alandani (adv.) henceforth, from now on (mainly formal; takes future
tense)
alanji ~lanji (colloq., prep. +gen.) since [time]-- contr. of alo
anjuwi(ni)..., also used; (a)lanjini (ever) since then, since that
time; (formal, legal) thenceforth, from then on, from that time on (requires
past tense)
-a(le) post-cons. var. of adj. suffix -ka(le) q.v.
ale to be; çukale to exist, come into being; rumale to
create; rundakale to destroy, annihilate (see takale);
añale(k) existence; yale there is/are...; yes; ta yale
(colloq. tale) there is not..., there isn't any; no
aleka (more often colloq. alek) real, actual, in
existence;añalek existence; taraleka ~tralek(a) unreal
aleleñ (n) good, goodness
alo (prep.) from (+ gen.); than (+gen.), in the comparative
construction; aloni therefore
alurit tropical tree sp. with very oily (inedible) nuts that can be
used as candles/torches; umalurit ~yundalurit (refined) alurit oil
(primarily a fuel and lightweight lubricant; very bitter-- a drop or two is
sometimes used as flavoring, but any larger quantity is likely to cause nausea);
see also lurin
ama father (colloq., affect. mama, ambi)
amakekañu the telepathic joining of minds-- see vakekañu
amalero ('father sun') the Spirit of the Sun, one of the "Greater
Spirits", powerful and benign
amanat (n) whitewash
amar age, era; pl. also, eternity; amakra(le) eternal;
amavangi the past; history
amba thousand
(ambal) rumambal (relig.) to perform/celebrate a religious
rite or ceremony
ambak ~ambakapum firearms, in genl.; ...nilus pistol, handgun;
... livek rifle; ambak ikro ~ambikro shot-gun; ambikroci a
pellet-gun
ambakran weapon in genl.
ambal (vt) to serve (e.g. food), offer; ... lalu give a party;
añambal a ritual food-offering; kañambal person who makes such an
offering; (colloq.) kañap waiter in a restaurant
ambat (colloq.) a loan (see mandum)
ambeceñ (NB plural ambeceç) fungus/fungi, in general
ambi (colloq.) papa, dad, daddy; may take poss.sfxs- ambimi,
ambiti etc. (see ama)
ambik proper, fitting; tarambik improper, inapt, unsuitable; (irreg.) catrambik boorish, gauche; a boor; cakambik prudish, priggish, overly concerned with manners/appearances
ambilus the thumb (ama+nilus); the other fingers are
andilus q.v.
ambom gong (usu. the largest, deepest sounding)
ambraka million (<amba raka)
ambrus (vi) to shed the fur heavily (hum. subj.; of Kash and Cousins
in temperate/cold areas, when the weather begins to warm); çukambrus
beginning to shed (hum. subj., or "fur"); locambrus (humor.) the shedding
season, i.e. Spring in cold climates (avos q.v. is related)
ambu (vt) to permit, allow (note 3pl. yambu (re...) it is
permitted (that...); cakambu overly liberal/permissive; (of a child) spoiled; trambu (re...) it is not permitted (that...), it is
forbidden...-- ~tarambu in officialese; andrambu prohibition, s.t. forbidden (usu. by law, not a socially or religiously based taboo); añambu (colloq. ambu
+poss.) permission; a permit; kañambu any licensing authority;
1. ambum a single, sharp thunder-clap
2. ambum a bomb (probably ult. the same as preceding); evumbum bomb crater
ambunduñ a contract, pledge, bond, security (<punduñ);
...(puna) a mortgage (on a house)
amekaran the big toe (ama+ekaran)
amir frozen; çukamir (vi) to freeze; rumamir (vt) to
freeze; cakamir to freeze suddenly or accidentally; to get cold very
suddenly; fig. to freeze up; vulamir (vt.) to chill, cool off (usu. of
foods); añamir, eyamir ice; amiruñat a flavored ice, "sorbet",
"granita"; yami cami a drink made of fruit, ice, "milk"
amiça "frond"-like branches/leaves of certain trees and fern-like
plants- delicate in appearance, tho sometimes very tough (deriv.
<viça)
amut flat (of a surface); añamut surface of a thing, in genl. (kati 'face' may also be used.
ana child; also, the young of Cousins (except the kusimi); anamelu new-born, baby, infant (see also
veve); anakasi firstborn, eldest child; analús last-born,
youngest child; ... rokale twins; ...lolan foster-child; an(a)
unayo orphan; cakana childish; anambre (BrCh), anasuya
(SiCh) niece, nephew; anakave any distant relation of one's own or
younger generation; see also anana, andi, andum
anacangat sprites/demons that inhabit rocky places-- caves, mines,
quarries, canyons and ravines-- they may impede one's path or cause a bad fall,
lead one astray, cause rock-falls and landslides, etc. In caves they inhabit
stalactites/stalagmites, in the open air they are unusually shaped rocks or
small formations, or any rocky rubble that is difficult of passage; in art they
are often depicted as short, chunky dwarf-like humanoids (made of rock)
anambruna a sprite, the capricious feminine manifestation of Vuruna,
who may help or hinder a love affair. If properly appeased, she will bring
happiness; if not, misery, bickering, jealousy and ultimate break-up. The person
(m. or f.) who interferes in an affair-- tries to steal one's lover-- is
believed to be possessed by anambruna
anamingi (~namik equally common colloq.form) malicious,
ill-intentioned sprites (more properly "demons/imps" to our view), conceived of
as being the children, or mobile aspects, of the various Spirits, esp.the
capricious and/or malicious ones.
anana ~anambik (child's) doll, usu. representing a human or Cousin--other representational toy figures are pambi(ci) (+name), e.g. pambi lopa a toy lopa
anandalap a sprite, the capricious male manifestation of Lalap (who in
legend was a drunken reprobate)-- he possesses people and is responsible for
drunkenness and drunken behavior. He protects drunkards from major mishaps (he
wants to continue inhabiting them, after all), but can cause falls,
unconsciousness, and stupid or inappropriate behavior. A hangover is a sign that
anandalap has tired of his game
anandel a semi-sweet wine, sim. to sherry
anandisa prince, crown prince-- a continental, not Yanatros,
usage; see nisa
andahan food (< nahan)
andakembut a sign-board, billboard (ult. <taken)
andandramut plateau (nom. <landru+amut)
ande (vt) to pawn
andele a garden or field (for crops); ...aves flower garden
(irreg. < ilele)
andet as base of añandet science in genl., the "hard"sciences; añandenga(le)
scientific; kañandet scientist; in compds. as andet/k- the study of..., equiv. to "-ology" (often with irreg. sandhi)-- andekañu psychology; andekinda geology;
andesende linguistics, philology; andetañol astronomy;
andekoram physics; andengayi biology; andemacan philosophy; andemetrita politics (properly 'political science')--colloq. syn. tinda; ult. <telañ
andi a boy (from birth to approx. pre-puberty, ~age 10); ana
sinut (of which this is a contraction) is equally appropriate, a little more
formal (NB irreg. in the sing.: andi, andini, andine, andin; pl.
andila etc.)
andica knife (<lica, tica)
andilus the fingers (except the thumb) (<ana nilus)
andiris (n) fear (tiris, liris
andonolit literature (< nolit)
andopra the other/opposite side; ri... across, on/to the other
side of (< nopra)
andor a pot, vase (decorative, not for cooking)
andoço baked goods; spec., a bread-like product
andra north
andrangayi clone of a plant or animal; mepu... to clone id.
(< andrana (orana)+kayi; see also katoç. NB The cloning of
plants and (less successfully) animals has been within the ability of Cindu
science for some time; the cloning of humans is Galactic technology that has not
yet been attempted.
andruyonam sexual climax/orgasm-- the correct (med.) term; common
colloq.anjonam, (slang) conam-- ult. < ruwi
andum a girl (from birth to approx. pre-puberty)-- NB irreg. acc.
andun; ana luma is also used, a little more formal
anduyu (sci.) atom; anduyuka(le) atomic, nuclear
aneñe the young of the lopa, from birth to approx.12-13 mos.
angakarun kingdom (ruled by a kakarun)
angambarak gallows (< ange+hambar+-rak)
angasi beginning; first (< kasi)
angayi life (< kayi)
ange tree, in genl.; añange forest
angingo a tree sp.(< ange+kingo "plume tree") with long
feathery leaves, that are sometimes dried and used to fill mattresses/pads and
cushions
angur the Gwr people; Gwr (adj.); NB irreg. pl. akrila
anici ear-ring(s) (colloq. anji)
anika a few, several
anisu a mischievous sprite who causes people to bump into each other,
or to slip and fall, and vehicles to skid, in wet or icy places; contr.
nisu is often used as a warning that some surface is slippery, e.g.
ayoti, kanin nisu! watch out, slippery floor!
anit a ring, for the finger or toe
anjana (+ poss.) polite term for a woman's period of oestrus
anjayi (aux) ought to, should
anje still, yet; cf. tambende (~tambét) not yet
anji (colloq.) ear-ring(s), see anici
anju time, period; (conj.) when; anju-anju (as conj.) whenever; (as
adv.); anju-anjuni meanwhile, in the meantime; anjuci (in/for) a little while; ri anju anjuwe from time to time, occasionally; yale anjusometimes, on occasions; also, in folk tales, "once upon a time"; ri anjuni... (~riyanjuni...) while, during, at the time of...; rikanju when?
tayanju now, nowadays; tiyanju then, at that time; titanju
just then, precisely at that time; kariyanju sometime, someday; anjana
+ poss. polite term for a woman's period of oestrus;
hukop/ulop... waste time; kayi(-kayi)... pass time (no special
purpose); nahan... to kill time; umit... spend time (with a
purpose)
anjukuwa (formal usage-- see cukuwa)
anjun grist (grain to be ground up); see cun
anjura a story (<cura)
anoras the third rank of nobility, below king and karun; typically in
modern times they may be appointed to provincial governorships
anula ~nula gold; see also keret lero
añambinal mathematics; cf. pinal
añat a mixture of spices rubbed into food, a dry marinade;
suwañat a liquid marinade; cucap ... to marinate (colloq., irreg.
< uñañat <uñat)
añen patio, courtyard
añito a jelly/gelatin (not sweet), ~aspic; see ayi-to
añol star; añomalut constellation (calque of a Gwr term); cakañol unlucky, ill-omened; andetañol astronomy
añopokrinda (outer) space, beyond Cindu but within the solar system) (cmpd. noml.añ- +opor+hinda), cf. oprañol
añut a moment, point in time; instant; añutipo for just a moment; (as interj.) " hold on! ~(wait) just a sec!; añut-añut instantly; añutni lus (the) last time (i.e. never again), as, kandikre yahoremsa, ne maçindi
añutni lus 'before he died, I spoke to him for the last
time'-- contrast añutni cosa (the) last time, on a previous occasion; añutni rata (the) next time...
apalí .001 li, the Cindu "millimetre"
apambraka billion (thousand million, l09)
apeña (vt) to own, possess; to belong to; takes obj. in the genitive:
erek yapeña punayi yu Erek owns that house; or (correct usage) puna
yu yapeña ereki that house belongs to Erek (but here, colloq. and
increasingly common, the dat. may be used for humans-- puna yu yapeña
ereke); ... +poss. property (of); (irreg.) ambeña ownership;
kambeña owner; ambembesa monopoly; kambembesa monopolist;
see also pe- ~peñ-
apik comfort; api-apik comfortable; (subj. may be human or inanim., e.g. a chair)
apis root (lit. and fig.); (vi) çukapis to take root;
apitraka tap-root; añapis root system
aposi ship, boat (<fosi)
apral machine, device; var. compds. often irreg., e.g.
aprañelur loom, apratur airship, airplane (colloq. pratur);
aprambinal calculator, calculating machine; colloq. prambin
(-jeli if electronic); aprambus a bellows (esp., in a smithy); aprangurip (celici) (electronic) communicator (alien technology)
apranan, aprasan see s.v. aro
apul (mus.) harp; apuñanga (lit. wind harp) wind-chimes (see
also apundepet)
apundepet (mus.) a keyboard instrument similar to the harpsichord (the
strings are plucked by mechanical action; < apul+tepet)
aran name; (gram.)(kota)... noun; vele... to
name, give a name to, e.g. anayeni/ne ivele aran erek 'they named their
child/him Erek'; rumaran to name as, to appoint, e.g ereke irumaran
karun 'they named/appointed Erek (as) karun'; añaran naming, system
of naming (of things), e.g. ...vori naming of rivers, hydronymy;
amelaran system of naming people, "anthroponymy"; arandepes any
title, term of address, in genl.; palaran, aramendel noble title,
tunga(r) palaran (~less used ambalaran) the titled class, the
nobility; arandéñ (good) reputation; arambúk (bad) reputation;
arambici nickname
arandan an emblem, symbol, (commercial) logo (ult. <aran)
are (re after vowel) introduces S complements, that; invar.
relative marker, who, which, that
areyal a temple, place of relig.worship; añareyal (Kash) religion as an institution/organization, "The Church"; see also yutrama
aro hour; fiyan aroni? what time is it? aro(ni) [num.] (it's) [num.] o'clock (syn. teka); arofanan, arofasan (~apranan, aprasan) midday, the slowest/hottest time of day, the 2-3 hours from noon to late afternoon (1100-approx. 1300/1400)-- in the tropics, shops close, and people typically take a siesta after lunch
aros east
asam dough
asipimbus see vimbrus, pimbus
asit a line; mepu... (of people) to form a line, line up, queue
up; rumasit to put things in a line/row
asituku ~situku a scratch (wound); (as vt) to scratch (wound);
casituku to get scratched; see also ñanak
açakon a k.o. dragon (myth.); also the name of a constellation (prob. an old Gwr loan; modern Gwr sha-kong)
açocon (colloq. cocon q.v.) (vi) to suspect; (irreg.)
acocon suspicion
açon (vt) to feel, sense; çukaçon (liri...) becoming aware of..., getting the feeling that...; añaçon the feelings, emotions; the 6
senses; cakaçon... overcome by feeling(s) of..., e.g. me cakaçon
andulañi/ambindayi I was overcome by sadness/joy; ne cakaçon re ne
itingas he had a feeling he was being watched; see açocon
açun to admit, acknowledge, confess; çukaçun (liri...) to concede; vele-çukaçun to surrender
açurak month; combining form açur- ~çur- in names of months:
açumbrés, açuró, açusít, açukrá, açundrím, açukrét, açusót, açuprán, açusán,
açuprót, çupromés, çuporó, çuprosít, çuprohá, çuproním, açulús. (Ult.
<anju+raka)
atel room in a house or building; ... çiru ~ateciru bedroom;
... nahan ~atendahan dining-room; atetraka the main room, sitting
room; atepindu foyer, vestibule (small separate room/space just inside the main door or gate); atenji any small habitable compartment or room (e.g. on a train or ship); see also telet
atembes anteroom, vestibule, foyer; waiting room (colloq.
tembes is more common)
atenjet (colloq. tenjet) camera; syn. mupak
atrengaya education, upbringing; see saren
avan to mourn, grieve (inwardly-- cf. lariñ) for the dead or
s.t. past; añavan mourning, grief; spiritual pain or sadness; çukavan to begin the mourning period after a death, go into mourning; cakavan in mourning; leroç cakavan period of mourning
hañuwavan (hañu+avan) grieving, sad at heart, heavy-hearted;
avan-avan nostalgic; nostalgia (implies much more sadness than
andeçayu < teçayu q.v.)
avana a mid-size "lizard" sp.-- omnivorous, about 5 ft. tall at the
shoulders, body approx. 6-7 ft. in length, plus a stubby tail; it can stand and
(clumsily) walk on its hind legs, and use the forelegs to grasp. The hind legs
are powerful, and it can pounce on prey from quite a distance. Its color is
splotchy green/black/brown, excellent camouflage for its forest-floor habitat.
It is aggressive and its bite or scratch is septic.
aves flower, in genl. (plur. aveç)
avos of the fur, to fall out (due to a disease); acangi ~ çangi
... that disease; kena ... to have/suffer that disease;
cakavos to have, or appear to have, that disease, look scruffy, mangy (of
an adult, impolite; may be used to scold a child who has gotten very dirty);
ecutavos a bald spot caused by this disease
ayi-to (often written ayito~ayi to, but pron. [áy tó], <
Gwr) a sea-weed product used to make gelatin, and for thickening (sim. to
agar-agar)
ayok war; mepu ... (vi) to wage war, make war, go to war;
rumayok to wage war on...
See also the Supplement
I (Twenty-first letter of hakanga, called ini, a
high front vowel, slightly lower than IPA [i])
1. i (conj.) and
2. i var. of ri q.v., if the contiguous syllable also contains
an r
icak the young of various "lizard" species, esp. (also icaci)
of popo; also icacu of undesirable/inedible spp.
ici ~icoñ the penis (colloq., to be avoided); ici ~iciñ, icitrok
~citrok coarse terms for sexual intercourse
icikañu syn. of trokañu q.v.
ihis sharp, of a tool or knife; rumihis to sharpen;
tarihis dull, syn. popor
ikri (ult. <ikro) only in ...kiket the irritating
dead bodies/excrement of the kiket parasite that adhere to the body or
fur; ikri +ti/ni an insulting curse-word implying that s.o. is unclean,
unhealthy, probably infested with kiket
ikrik (coarse) sand; cf. ikro
ikro pebble; gravel; ikikro a pellet, small shot
ile (vt) to dig; ile-ile to dig into, rifle the contents of s.t.; cakile-ile to dig into one's food ~get involved in s.t., with enthusiasm
ilekañu lit., to dig (in) the mind-- perhaps to determine truthfulness, secrets or motivation-- sim. to tingakañu but without authorization, and considered unethical; it might, for example, be attempted during business negotiations
ilele (vt) to plant; andele (colloq. lele is more
common) a garden, field (cf. also ele)
ilik (vi) to taste bad; cakilik id., more emphatic
ilongo lively, crowded; having fun; any situation e.g. a party or
street-fair, with lots of people, noise, activity; ilongo-longo id. but
very much so. (An angry mob would not be ilongo; the word has good
connotations, like Malay ramai.) (see lolongo)
imacalom grizzled, greying (the fur of the nose/face)
imak the nose
imbar the 5th day of the 7-day week
imbovu a navigable canal, for shipping (< Gwr mi
baw-bu:q water big-road)
imbuk an alcoholic liquor, 40-50%, both neutral and flavored varieties
(similar to vodka/gin) (ult. <imu+puhi)
imik least; imikni at least; çukimik becoming unimportant, insignificant; rumimik to minimize; cakimik (nom.) very trivial, utterly unimportant, not worth bothering with; (hum.,dat.) be treated as insignificant, condescended to, snubbed
imu (vt) to drink; añimu (colloq. ñimu a drink, s.t. to
drink; (irreg.) cakimu-kimu to drink (alcohol) to excess, be an alcoholic
inar basket, in genl. (various sizes and types)
inde mother (colloq. affect. nine ~ tete; nimbi, imbi are used
mainly by very small children); indeyama parents, parental couple
(inde+ama-- the pl. indeyamala is used only in officialese)
inga (vt) to lack, be without, to have no... (+gen.); as prep.(+gen.)
without, lacking; inguçomi without purpose; vain, in vain; colloq. truçomi, truçoñi; añinga a lack, need; añayinga deprivation, poverty; ruminga to deprive s.o. of..., take away from, e.g. karun ne yaruminga palaranini the karun took away/deprived him of his title; mende haruminga anayemi sinut nowinini you have deprived my son of his livelihood
ingar home; içiningar homeland
inim trace, track, clue, hint; (irreg.) ninim to trace/
track a person/animal by visible clues; kaninim a tracker; (police)
detective; kandim (official title) Detective...
inji young; of colors, light
iña intelligent, smart; tariña stupid, dumb; añiña
~iñani intelligence
iñetum the name of an island
iricañ to kneel; see ricañ
irit (vt) to wring, twist; rukorem~ pakran... (hendiñ) to
strangle; cakirit contorted, as in a fight/wrestling; (body part + poss.
as subj..)... twisted, sprained, out of joint (NB hendiñi
cakirit his neck is/got twisted, out of joint vs. ne cakirit
hendiñ he got strangled)
içap dim, poorly lit; çukiçap of light, to grow dim or fade, as
at dusk; also of voices, sounds; rumiçap to dim (a light), reduce the
sound of, turn down the volume (e.g. of a radio); cakiçap (nom.) grope or
stumble around in the dark; (dat.) have very poor vision, semi-blind;
añiçap twilight, usu. in the evening, though sometimes (as ...
aros) of pre-dawn
içiningar homeland
içinin country, land; nation
içiñ island, in genl.; haveçiñ group of islands, archipelago;
içinjur atoll (circular group of islands, usu. of coral); içiturañ
high (mountainous) island(s)
içun the eye; içunji (colloq.) the pupil of the eye
iti (conj) or; as tag question particle, ....or what?; iti...iti either...or; (appended to a numerical expression) ...or so, e.g. nim lero iti five days or so
itre (mainly rural, somewhat obs.) an itinerant peddler or
tradesman (e.g. tinsmith, knife-sharpener); itre-latro vagabond,
wanderer, who may do odd jobs (they are viewed with some mistrust,
rather like Gypsies); katorom itre traveling salesman (slightly
pej.,) < Gwr hi trè
itrevas gem, precious stone
ivit a k.o. pan-pipes (Lañ-Lañ, < Prevli hibit
iya that, that one; the 3d pers.sing. pronoun. (Fem.iye,
Neut.iyu; plur. nila, niç)
iyanjuwe (colloq. iyanje, yanjuwe) (prep.) until, up to; ... re
(conj.) until
iyoñ shiny, glossy; tariyoñ dull, matte; rumiyoñ
(colloq. miyoñ to polish; cakiyoñ ~cakiyoñ-iyoñ polished to a very
high gloss; of manners, behavior, very refined, elegant.
iyu-uwi in: moyot ... "figure 8" pattern or design (so-called
from its resemblance to the letters i and u written superimposed
on each other
iyuni (~yuni) something; (neg.) anything
See also the Supplement
E(Twenty-second letter of hakanga, called eni, mid
front vowel, slightly lower than IPA [e] ~lower mid [E] in closed syllables and
before r)
e a def. article used mostly with place names or when stating general
concepts e.g. e kundri truth, e rinda music; e kanak the
province "Kanak" (believed to be ult. < *ia ~ya)
e- (sometimes eñ-) an old, no longer productive prefix,
indicating "a specific instance of.../the instrument of..." (its origin is
uncertain-- perhaps same as e 'definite article')
ecak town, village; kañecak towns-people, villagers (simple
folk) (ult. <canga)
ecami candy, sweets (<cami)
ecunik pestle; see also eyunjun, cuni-cunik
ecut fur; furry-- usu. ref. to the fur of the Kaç; añecut fur
in genl., of other animals, e.g. payo añecut a fur cape (though
colloq., ecut might occur here too); ecutavos a bald spot caused
by avos (q.v.) disease; tarecut furless
efi silver; see also keret tandi
efisawu mercury; also keret sawu
efoyan bright, of light
ehakas (colloq. ~hakas) very strange, weird, outlandish,
bizarre; see ehas
ehandi (~colloq. hanji) a broom, < handi
ehas strange, unusual, odd; añehas oddity; anomaly;
...ni the odd thing is..., what's odd is...
ekam leaf, in genl.; pandekam, ekam-ekam leafy; tarekam
leafless; añekam foliage, in genl.; ekaceyak (slang ekaceka
"sour-leaf", a plant whose leaves are used to make a tea; putekam
deciduous (<putap); ekanji the louvres/slats of lemet
ekandrañ a large/heavy hammer; carpenter's hammer; ekakandrañ a
very large hammer, maul or sledge hammer
ekanjat a scale, weighing device
ekañat herb in genl. (ekam+uñat)
ekaran the foot; paw of an animal
ekarat (colloq. karat also common) a saw (tool)
ekivus skill, expertness
eku(k) (colloq.) chair; see kuka
ekurip the token or baton used in a relay-race.
ekut hair; any long, thin hair-like material; (as adj., tech.
ekuta[le]) hairy, pilose; ekunduhu capillaries (small blood
vessels)-- the Kash would use ekut to describe e.g. human head- and
body-hair, or the coat of some animals, as opposed to their own ecut
fur
elal (vt) to arrange (things), put in order; añelal arrangement,
ordering; (gram.) añelatende grammar
ele plant, in genl.; ele-kulu flora and fauna; ele-ele ombrum intestinal flora/bacteria; (cf.
ilele)
elimbe clothing; elimbekuwa (military) uniform; (servant's) livery-- commonly pronounced limbekuwa (< limbe)
elum the tongue; see lum, lulum
emahen figure, image, representation of an object; literary/artistic symbol;
(~kota mahen) figure of speech
eme also; eme...eme both...and; tambo... (i) eme... not
only...but also...; ememe as well as, in addition ~additionally
emundele a mine (spec., underground vs. evun- which are
open-pits except evundula gold mine); comb.form usu. evund(e)-; see
also vundele
emundum a drum (see also mundum)
emuyas carpenter's plane (trade slang muya)
ena hesitation particle, well, er, umm-- var. of na, nana
endak flesh (of humans/animals); meat (of animals, as food),
flesh/pulp of certain fruits/vegetables- usu. e.g. ... lopa lopa
(meat), ...otambik flesh ofotambik (ult.
<*e+nahan)
ende and then... (a part. much used in narratives, to introduce new
material); (colloq. endeni or more often eneni ~neni) so..., so then...,
and so...; i ende(po)? ~endeni(po)? so?
so what? what of it?
endo may it be.., let it be..; would that...
endurut shoulder
enende (contraction-- considered disrespectful-- of more common
parenende) the Sky Spirit
engarem prize, reward
engap to gasp, pant; cakengap out of breath
engo hull of a boat
engol a broad street, avenue, main thoroughfare in a town, usu. paved;
engol uçiru highway
engor improper, inapt, unsuitable
enikar plumb-bob, plumb-line
eningar the human (Kaç) body (<ningar)
eniyak the crotch, groin (usu. of humans); see also ñakace
enje city; enjeka(le) urban; enje-tarenje ~enje-trenje (idiom.) town and country; (pra)puna trenje country-houe (of wealthy or noble); enjangasi capital city of a country
enjiki (colloq. enjik) skillet, frying-pan; enjiñ the
more common round-bottomed 'wok' (colloq. contr. < enjik(i) ciñur
enjiyur (math.) circumference
enjun (vt) to grind, mill; cangacun millstone, grinding-stone
(see also cun)
eñanik (colloq. ñaniki) a comb, brush; see ñanik
eñe ~eñeñ (onomat., usu. repeated many times) the typical "bleating" sound
made by lopas; as vb. yeñe (of lopas) to make that sound; (of people, pejor.) to sound like a lopa
bleating when wheedling or being overly insistent/demanding
epahan the chest (anat.)
epak fist; epak-epak to fight; fist-fight (cf. kapak);
cakepak to get hit (by someone-- e.g. me ... ereki I got hit by
Erek); cakepak-epak get in a (physical) fight (with s.o., e.g. me ...
ereki I got into a fight with Erek (see also kepak)
epanan the brake(s), e.g. of a vehicle; see kamban
epikan leaves of the fikan tree, used for sanding/polishing
epilan generic term for various small purses/bags in which one carries
e.g. money, ID, notebook, a pen etc. (colloq. pilapi); epilacim a
small bag/pouch, worn on the belt, usu. over the right hip (colloq.
pacim); epilanji a purse, carried in the hand (colloq.
pilanji); epiluno a large bag with shoulder strap for carrying
misc. items, usu. worn from left shoulder to right hip (colloq. pilus);
pingapra a brief-case, portfolio (colloq. pingap)
epinal number (n.)
epola a quantity of 10, a "dozen"
epro potter, one who makes pots (< Gwr. r po clay
craftsman); eprotañ pottery
epukiman a kind of pan-pipes (< epuwi + kiman a mountainous
region of Hanjomim)
epuço carpenter's level (a workman will usu. say just puçomi
my level; puçoni the level)
epuwi a flute
eracañ a meat-grinder or food-mill
erambik proper, fitting, suitable
erekroçe admiral (naval rank)
erengen (nav.) captain of a ship; (civ.) owner of a ship (the very common male
name Erek is derived from this)
erongo a quantity of 100, a "gross"
eçangan a bed, cot, pallet, mat-- anything one may lie down on to rest
eçapupu a baloon (cf. sapus)
eçen (vi) to live, dwell, stay, reside in a place; çukeçen to
migrate, to settle (in a new place); (irreg.) angeçen migration;
rumeçen to remove/resettle a population; añeçen ~eçen +poss. home,
residence; kañeçen inhabitant
eçeva a journey (see çeva)
eçindar a ladder (see çindar)
eçu tube, tube-like; pipe, conduit; (geom.) cylinder, cylindrical; eçulúk (med.)
a blood-vein; eçusu water pipes/mains; see also eçupor; (< Gwr)
eçuña finger; eçundraka the middle finger; eçumbik toe
eçupor sewer, sewer pipes; in some larger towns also eçuporipa ~eçupripa storm-sewer(s)-- a separate system for storm-water only; (irreg.) kecupor a sewer-worker; see also yunjupor
eçura (n) honor, respect (see çura)
etende newspaper (<etendero)
etengi book; etenguri note-book; etendero diary,
journal, (mar.) ship's log (see also etende) (ult. <
e+tengayi); añetengi a collection of books, personal library
(also, the room in a house where one's books are kept); kandengi
librarian
etepet a plectrum (to pluck the strings of certain mus.instruments);
see tepet
etepro ~tepro the potter's wheel (contr. of eyet epro)
etesep a multi-blade device for chopping food; see sesep
etiñ a small bell; see tiñ, titiñ
etitriñ a small, light-weight hammer; tacking hammer
etrik a fork (cooking or eating utensil)
etundo a prayer, appeal (usu. non-relig.); see also himaçema
evakep (anat., tech.) joint
evine (n) wound
evun pit, large hole in the ground; (~evunjangar) quarry;
evukece (open-pit) iron mine; see also emundele, vundele
eyala (colloq. yala) a drinking-glass (many speakers use
eyala for the container, yala for a quantity, e.g. eyala
poren wine-glass, yala poren a glass of wine)
eyamir (colloq. yamir) ice (see amir)
eyas lever; see also yakiñ, yayas
eyet a wheel; ...epro potter's wheel (in the trade, contr. to
(e)tepro)
eyole any measuring device; eyolí the common li-stick;
eyukat a spatula, turner
eyunjun a mortar, fo grinding; see also ecunik, cuni-cunik
eyurun toilet, rest-room (lit., the place)
See also the Supplement
U (Twenty-third letter of hakanga, called uni, a
high back rounded vowel close to IPA [u])
ucut ugly, unattractive (of people)
ufahan breath
uhañ clean; çukuhañ becoming clean; rumuhañ, uhakañ (vt)
to clean s.t.; taruhañ dirty; añuhañ cleanliness
uhima call upon, call for; summon
uhiyomer (legal) to bring suit against..., take to court, to
sue (a more formal term than filambicas)
ukat quite, very
ukraçet to draw (pictures) (cf. kaçet)
uku one of the principal food-grains, esp. in the tropics; ukuçu
~ukuci (nursery term) uku-mush, uku-porridge
ulap (vi) to stagger, reel; cakulap to be very drunk,
"falling-down drunk"
ularan to sign one's name; añularan signature; ... (r)i
sign up for; enrol in; (mil.) enlist (compd. uri+aran)
uleça a screen, scrim-- 1. as a pc.of furniture that hides s.t. or
serves as a room divider; 2. the screen in a cinema; also the scenery flies in a
theatre. (NB does not refer to mesh window-screening)
ulin board, plank; añulin lumber in genl.; kañulin
carpenter
ulop ~cakulop (vt,vi) to spill; spilled, spilt; ulop anju spend
time on useless, vain or wasteful pursuits; (rum)ulop luhu spill blood,
cause a serious injury/death by violence; (cak)ulolop of liquids,
sloshing around in a container, in danger of spilling; see also londolop
umal (med.) the womb
umbat pregnant (of animals); çukumbat to be gestating, becoming
visibly pregnant; rumumbat to impregnate; rumumbat onji to
impregnate/ inseminate artificially; añumbat onji artificial insemination
umbrik south
umit (vt) to use; used as prep. in the sense "by means of..."
(formerly, took genitive object, but now accusative); pole ... able to
use, employ (vt); powumit useful; trapowumit useless, to no avail;
añumit way, means, method; kañumit user; see also yumbit
umo oil, in genl.; various refined types for cooking; ...hinda
petroleum (see also pawundu)
umut general, public; umundi in general, generally;
rumumut to make public, to advertise; generally/commonly known;
kañumut the public, the populace at large, citizenry
unayo to stay behind, remain; rundayo to leave s.t/s.o. behind,
abandon; cakunayo abandoned, forlorn; an(a) unayoorphan
undangayi (colloq.undangi to record (mechanically, on tape, disk etc.); kañundangi recorder (device); keyundangi a stenographer or other person who makes a written record, e.g. of meetings, court proceedings etc. (compd. < rundana angayi copy life); see also tangi
undat bullet; añundat ammunition
undri (gram.) sound (in speech); undri kayi vowel; undri
kaket consonant; añawundri sound system/phonology of a language;
(pl.) phonology in genl.; undruça phonetic (descriptive of speech
sounds); andetundri ~andet undruça phonetics, the science thereof;
añawuri undruça the phonetic alphabet used by Kash and Gwr linguists-- a
mixture of Kash, Gwr and invented characters (< undri+tuça)
ungeça (vi) commit suicide, kill o.s.; angeça (irreg.) suicide
unjuk (vi) to grow; çukunjuk to sprout; rumunjuk to
grow, raise (agric.); añunjuk growth, increase; karunjuk a tumor
or other cancerous growth; ucunjuk cultivated (edible) plants,
vegetables; tarunjuk stunted; see also kunjuki
unup button (lit. and fig.); munup (vt) to button, e.g. a
garment
uñat tasty, flavorful, delicious; kundak ... not very good,
usu. of food (polite); rumuñat to flavor s.t., add flavoring to;
taruñat bland (of food); uñañat spice(s) in genl.; see also
kuñat, añat, suwañat
upan (vt) to receive, get; to accept; rumupan to award, bestow on; to
convey s.t. to s.o.; cakupan of s.o. for whom everything always seems to
go right, always gets what he wants, lucky (can be used approvingly, but often
implies envy); añupan a receipt; memu (colloq.) a written receipt
(acronym <mende mawupan 'I have received'); see also upapan
upapan lucky, fortunate; añupapan luck, good fortune; see also
papan
upat (aux) to be willing; tarupat be unwilling
upit custom, practice, habit; see also ñupit
uprehan calendar (object, such as one might hang on the wall, as
keprale yavele-vele aprehanaç velu the shopkeeper is handing out new
calendars); < uri+pehan
ures west
uri (vt) to write; rumuri to inscribe; write down;
cakuri to scribble, write badly; añuri anything written, a letter,
document; yuri (<*eyuri) a letter of the hakanga--
the letter-name is stressed, e.g. yurihá, yuriká, yurinjá, yurimá, yurani,
yureni etc.; uringeret to engrave on metal; urinjangar to engrave/carve on stone (these apply to words/designs, not to sculpting figures); see also ularan
uritan (vi) (be) present, ...ri be present at, attend; çukritan to show up, put in an appearance; become present (of Spirits); with dat/reflexive IO, to present oneself, show up; runditan to bring s.t./s.o. forward, to present s.t.; (legal) to summon officially, to subpoena; cakritan said of someone who hangs around where not wanted, or of no use; cakuritan forcibly/unwillingly brought before authorities, "hauled into court"; uritan tikas (legal) to witness; (irreg.) andritan presence; kandritan (legal) a witness
uçakik a cold in the nose, head-cold (with runny nose) (see also
karimak and neçimak)
uçelu algae in genl., some spp. are considered edible
uçiru artery; uçiruwaka (lit. great artery) the aorta
uçom purpose, intended use (cf. yuçom destiny); usage (of a
word e.g.); uçoñi for, intended for: kandri uçoñi tani/tayu?
'what's this for?'; krekiç yu uçoñi laluwi/lalu 'those cookies are
for the party'; ritá truni uçoñi hati, i mesa minayi 'here's a truni
for you, and one for Mina'-- uçoñi properly takes the genitive, but
colloq. this is often ignored for inanimate nouns; inguçomi ~truçomi without
purpose, in vain
uti rather, somewhat (adv); uti yaçangi 'he's rather sick';
yalimbesa halo mondes uti 'he was wearing a rather shoddy sarong'.
uwakalap sterile (med., as by heat or alcohol); irr. makalap
to sterilize s.t., amakalap sterilization
uwam the 2nd day of the 7-day week
uwi (irreg. <ruwi to flow) in (male) slang,
ma/ha/ya/wuwi to have a sexual climax, to "come" (usu. contracted and
accented on the -wi syllable- mauwí, hauwí, yauwí)
uwik (vi) to run away, flee; rumuwik to drive out/away, to
expel; ...mepu to fire (a worker); cakuwik mepu to be/get fired
uwis tight, constricting (esp. of clothing); rumuwis to close
in on, surround; cakuwis to be, or to feel, trapped in a situation;
(mil.) surrounded
uyas thin, slender; çukuyas to get thin, reduce one's weight;
rumuyas to make s.t. thin, pare down; to plane; cakuyas emaciated
See also the Supplement
O (Twenty-fourth letter of hakanga, called oni, a
low back rounded vowel, between IPA [o] and [O])
o (on before o,u) personifying article for
non-human/inanim. things, e.g. kotani o poya... Poya said..., ende o
anacangat... then Stone-child...; may be written joined to the word--
opoya, owanacangat (mostly found in traditional stories, poems etc.)
oci thatch; the thatched roof of traditional houses
okam grass, grassy plants in genl.; okacu weed(s) (syn.
kreles (kreleçu)); cakokacu weedy, overgrown with weeds
olama religious ceremony, rite, e.g. olama kamon birth ceremony, olama cetre religious marriage ceremony, olama huça cremation ceremony etc.
olek locked; çukolek become locked; rumolek to lock
s.t.; añolek a lock, locking mechanism; yolek (colloq.
yoleci[k]) key; cakolek locked up tight, kept secret
om reason, the reason why...; ombi (often colloq.
ombini) for, since, because; ombi-ombi(ni) (formal, legal)
whereas, inasmuch as... ~since, because; ombiyu because of it/that, for
that reason; ombi alo... because of (noun +gen.); (colloq.) aka~kandri
ombini why on earth...? whatever for...?; see also yomom
omal hunger; hungry; çukomal becoming so; rumomal to
make one hungry; cakomal extremely hungry, famished
omban less; lavi-omban more or less, approximately; çukomban become less, reduced, lose strength/force; rumomban to reduce, make less; cakomban trivial, unimportant
ombrenje rule(s), regulation(s), by-law(s), e.g. of a game, club etc.
ombret irreg. base, originally colloq., < ombrenje in talombret (colloq. tombret ~trombet) violation of rules, infraction; foul, error (in a game); catombret ~catrombet; cakombret against the rules--
catombret usu.in context of a game; cakombret usu.as violation of social norms,
a gaffe, faux-pas, e.g. "you can't do that! ~you shouldn't do that! ~that would be wrong!"
(< omer)
ombrum intestines, innards, guts (om+prum)
omer a law, statute; añomer the law, the legal system;
mandomer lawyer; see also komer, ombrenje, ombret, kematromer
omin (vi) to look behind, look back; rumomin to review; look back on/again; cakomin acting furtively, on the sly, cautiously (for fear of being seen)
omo ~mowa ~mo (conj.) but
onam sexual; pertaining to sexual acts; añonam sex in genl., sexual
activity/activities, sexual matters; sexuality; onam-onam ~onanam
sexually attractive or stimulating; pornogaphic (in this sense often
cakonam-onam ~cakonanam); meponam ~panip onam (slang
poniponam, poni, poni-poni) to have sex, engage in a sexual act;
cakonam (dat.) sexually obsessed, addicted to sex; (nom.) to "have a
dirty mind"; taronam non-sexual,
(sci.) asexual-- e.g. reproduction in certain
plants/animals/organisms; cataronam (colloq. catronam) not sexually
interesting/attractive; a "turn-off"; onanguwa same-sex, homosexual; onandiya heterosexual (formal terms, syns.resp. of nayasit, nimesa-- see naya); onandroka ~onakambos
hermaphroditic, hermaphrodite
onde the inside of s.t., interior; ri... (prep.) inside; ondeka(le) internal
ondre night; tayondre (colloq. often condre) tonight;
ondreyos (colloq. often onjos) last night; sometimes -oret in compds.
ondumu fish-eggs, roe
ongala offence; sin (relig.)(cf. kala)
ongar why?
ongel look away from, to ignore; çukongel (liri...)
to lose interest (in...); rumongel divert s.o.'s attention; distract
s.o.; cakongel (liri...) (nom.) inattentive; pay no attention to,
deliberately ignore...; to snub...; (dat.) scatter-brained
onici seed; small insect egg(s)
oninde ovary (see ono)
onjak (colloq. and usu. in compds.) nut-- var. of onjange
onjange nut-- the seed produced by some trees/bushes; many are edible;
colloq. and in compds. onjak; see also onot;-ult.
<ono+ci+ange
onji to feign, pretend (with intent to deceive, unlike panip);
fake, imitation/artificial e.g. uñat onji imitation flavor(ing);
cakonji fooled, taken in; ...toye swindled; añonji
pretense; fakery; kañonji faker, swindler; in genl. s.o. who is not what
he appears to be; onjepak to spar (boxing term); see also toyonji
onjiyur pi (3.14159...), symbolized m in math. (Math.slang,
omi, omis)
onjos (colloq.) last night (see ondre)
ono an egg (of egg-laying animals); oninde ovary; onono
testicle (see also sunono, ondumu, onocaki)
onocaki bacterium/bacteria; germ(s)
onot (dial.) synonym of onjange nut; (common vulg.slang,
~onoci) testicle(s)
oñe (adv.) aside, to one side; oñ-oñe sideways; çukoñe
to move or go aside; rumoñe to move/push s.t. aside, put s.t. to one side; cakoñe no longer under consideration; out of mind; in parliamentary usage, shelved/tabled, of a proposal
opici (children's) wooden building blocks (opik+ci)
opik brick; opikrak a large brick of (more usu.) concrete block
for building-- builders' slang pikrak
opor out, outside; beyond; foreign; ri... outside (prep.); opondri (adv.) away; opokra(le) external; rumopor to exile; añopor ~opor +poss. the outside of s.t.,
exterior; keyopor foreigner, outsider; foreign; oporí (interj.) go away! get away!
oporopo (colloq., slang oporóp) to expel unceremoniously, to
"kick out" caporopo ~caporóp to get/be expelled, ejected, kicked out, etc.; keporóp ~kepróp (slang) "bouncer" (< opor)
oprañol outer space (beyond the solar system or galaxy); aposi... space-ship, starship (cmpd. opor+añol)
oramba dark; ...+ni ~añoramba darkness; irreg. derivs.
çukramba to darken, get dark; rundamba to darken s.t.;
cakramba to be overtaken by darkness, caught out in the dark
orambun (conj.) as if
orana alike, similar; (vt) ...+ gen. to look like, resemble;
rundana (irreg.) to copy s.t; imitate s.o.; andrana a copy;
talorana unlike, dissimilar; oranani (~orandi) (conj.) like, as,
just as; orandayu like this, (in) this way, orandiyu like that,
(in) that way; colloq. randayu ~randayi, randiyu ~randí
oriyos a monk, member of one of the relig. orders; oriyo common title and term of address to a monk; teriyo(s) an elderly or senior monk; añoriyos a religious order (there are several)
oro potter's clay (<Gwr r lo); ...vanat porcelain
clay, kaolin; see also supengop
oromiñ porcelain, porcelain ware (< Gwr r lo ming)
orun (vt) to contain, consist of; to hold (quantity); añorun
contents, ingredients; (math.) volume; cakorun jam-packed, chock-full
osan calm, serene; çukosan become calm, calm down;
rumosan to calm (s.o. or a situation), to placate; añosan calmness, serenity; cakosan under the influence of a narcotic or other calming drug; (as n, adj.) narcotic-- (n. only, formal, med.) anjakosan a narcotic
otama grandfather (Fa of either parent);
affect.tata~taci~tanji; otambarok great grandfather (~otambro if one is
counting, or reciting a genealogy); otama sila/ha/nim... etc. great-great-gd.father and so on
otamot a vine, native to Nocaniki, sometimes grown decoratively on
Yanatros for its flowers and foliage; its small bright red fruits are inedible
and slightly poisonous
otatap (~ota(p)- in compds.) genl. name of various plant spp.
that that produce gourd/melon-like fruits, similar to Cucurbita; varieties:
otambik, otaprak, otap luhu, otakret, otacami, otaçeyak and others
ote- (~ot-, te-) an old pfx. of respect for the elderly
otinde grandmother (Mo of either parent); affect.
titi~tici~tinji; otimbarok great gd.mother (~otindró if counting,
or reciting a genealogy); otinde sila/ha/nim...etc. great-great gd.mother and so on.
otroço (n,adj) ceramic; ceramic-ware (< oro+toço)
owap (of colors) to run together, to bleed; (gram.) to elide vowels,
run together or slur one's speech; usu. cakowap; see also kotap
owena a mother animal, i.e., that has borne young, as lopa owena a mother lopa (o+ena an obs. word for 'mother')
See also the Supplement
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Created October 2001, revised 2002,
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URL: https://cinduworld.tripod.com/anakrangota.htm